5:14A-7.6 Loads and strengths

 (a) Overview:

 1. The entire loads and strengths section defines the criteria that shall be applied in the process of design  for  amusement rides and devices and in the process of design for modifications made to amusement rides and  devices. These criteria are specifically intended for use in determining the loads and strengths of materials,and  performing the calculations and analyses used in the process of design.

2. The intent of the loads and strengths section is to broadly define the criteria for minimum design  requirements to be required in the design of the amusement ride or device. These criteria are specifically  intended for use in determining the loads and strengths of materials, and performing the calculations and  analyses used in the process of design.

3. The loads and strengths section contains both flexible and finite criteria. These criteria are flexible in  allowing the type(s) of calculation or analyses to be used in the design. These criteria are finite with respect to  how the inputs and outputs to the overall analysis and calculations shall be used in the design.

 (b) General provisions:

 1. Amusement rides and devices shall be designed so that load conditions expected during operation shall not  cause failures during the operational hours used in the design per (c) and (d) below.

 2. Amusement rides and devices shall be designed so that the expected loading conditions will not cause  stresses to exceed the yield strength of the materials.

 i. Exception: Seismic design may allow for the possibility of plastic deformation and may rely on  connection ductility to absorb energy.

 ii. Exception: Components and portions of structures that are intended to provide secondary load paths  during a failure condition, including such components such as safety cables or links and certain limited  portions of the primary structure to which they are attached, may be designed to yield (and thus absorb a  significant amount of energy) when subjected to load conditions that might occur during a plausible, although  unlikely, primary structure failure scenario. A design that relies on such criteria shall use materials that  possess high elongation for components where stresses may be expected exceed the yield strength under  failure mode loading conditions.

 (c) 35,000 operational hour criteria:

1. All primary structures of an amusement ride or device (for example, track, columns, hubs and arms) shall  be designed using calculations and analyses that are based on the minimum 35,000 operational hour criteria.  The design shall demonstrate that the calculations and analyses meet or exceed this minimum operational hour  requirement. This requirement is intended to ensure that all primary structures within an amusement ride or  device are designed for at least a minimum fatigue life.

2. An “operational hour” is defined as an hour of time during the normal operation of the amusement ride or device. Normal operation includes start-up (that is, beginning of the operational day),operation, and shutdown (that is, end of the operational day). Those periods of time that the amusement ride or device is not being operated (that is, non-operating hours, seasonal park closures, or transit times for portable rides and devices) shall not be included in the operational hour calculations.

i. Calculations for the 35,000 operational hour criteria may include a general reduction to account for the load and unload time of the amusement ride or device. The value selected for the reduction shall be based on the specific amusement ride or device and the design load and unload times. This reduction shall be limited to a maximum of 30 percent of the 35,000 operational hour criteria for the amusement ride or device. The amount of operational hours calculated after applying the general reduction for load and unload times will be the value used for the design calculations and analyses.

ii. The calculation to determine the general reduction for load and unload time shall be as follows

iii. The calculation to determine the operational hours to be used in the applicable design calculations and analyses for the amusement ride or device shall be as follows:

3. The design shall specify the ride cycle time and the load and unload time to be used in the calculations to determine the operational hours. These values are for design calculation and analysis purposes only and shall not be interpreted as operational requirements for the amusement ride or device.

4. Idle time (the time the ride is ready for operation, but is not being cycled) is not intended or required to be included in the calculations for the operational hours. After installation of the amusement ride or device, the actual idle time shall be recorded and documented and applied in the maintenance and inspection of the amusement ride or device.

5. Ride cycles differ greatly from load cycles. For applicable components, a calculation may need to be performed to determine the number of load cycles that occur within the total number of operational hours calculated and then used in the design calculations and analyses for the amusement ride or device.

6. The following examples of calculations illustrate how the general reduction for load and unload time and the number of operational hours, to be used in the design calculations and analyses for an amusement ride or device, can be determined.

i. Example 1:

In this example, the designer would use 24,500 operational hours for all applicable design calculations and analyses.

ii. Example 2: The following example calculation illustrates how the total number of load cycles can be determined for a specific applicable component on an amusement ride or device.

For this example:
The previously calculated operational hours to be used in the design for applicable components = 24,500 operational hours. The number of ride cycles per operational hour (including load and unload time between ride cycles) = 9 ride cycles. The number of load cycles per ride cycle for this particular applicable component = 8 load cycles. Calculation for determining the total number of load cycles for an applicable component:

In this example, the calculation shows that the applicable component will experience 1.76 x106 load cycles throughout the 24,500 operational hours.

(d) Exceptions to the 35,000 operational hour criteria:

1. A ride may be designed for more than the 35,000 operational hour criteria.

2. Specific components of an amusement ride or device structure may be excluded from the 35,000 operational hour criteria only when such components are replaced or inspected and re-evaluated as specified in the ride inspection and maintenance instructions. This exclusion applies only to components that are replaceable by disassembly and re-assembly (that is, attached with fasteners, for example, bushings, bearings, removable pins, axles, bogies, and inter-car connections, hydraulic pumps and electric motors), and does not include components that are permanently attached (that is, welded) to the primary structure. This requirement does not exclude the use of primary components connected to primary structure with fasteners or primary structure that is connected with fastener.

i. The design shall identify and list all components of the primary structure excluded from the 35,000 operational hour criteria, including the criteria for replacement or inspection and re-evaluation, in the operating and maintenance instructions for the amusement ride or device.

ii. Specific components of an amusement ride or device structure designed to take advantage of this specific exception to the 35,000 operational hour criteria are not exempt from other criteria listed within this Subchapter.

1. No ride may operate beyond the life span of a ride as provided in this subchapter and as calculated by the manufacturer unless the ride has been reviewed by the design engineer or another licensed professional engineer and the ride has been determined to have remaining life. (In cases where such a review is undertaken by a licensed professional engineer who is not the design engineer, the design engineer shall be notified, where possible.)

i. To extend operation, the reviewing engineer shall perform an evaluation and inspection of the amusement ride and either prescribe appropriate inspection and testing at specified intervals, including a date when the ride is to be reevaluated for continued operation, or calculate a new, extended fatigue life or both.

(1) The engineer's review shall include a review of the operating or maintenance instructions and a list of any new or modified operating or maintenance procedures, in addition to inspection and testing, to be followed. ii. Any new or modified operating or maintenance procedures, including any inspection and testing prescribed, shall be incorporated in the ride operating or maintenance instructions, or both, as may be appropriate. An amended type certification or an individual approval for the ride shall be required and the ride shall not be used or operated beyond the life span unless and until such amendment is approved by the Department.

(f) Patron Weights:

1. The weight assigned to an adult patron, for design purposes, shall be 170 pounds or 0.75 kN.

2. The weight assigned to a child patron, for design purposes, shall be 90 pounds or 0.40 kN.

3. As a fatigue case, amusement rides and devices designed for adult and child patrons shall be designed to operate during typical ride or device operating cycles with a full patron payload of 170 pounds or 0.75 kN located at all available seat positions.

4. As a fatigue case, amusement rides and devices designed for adult and child patrons shall be designed to operate during typical ride or device cycles with partial payloads (that is, worst case unbalanced load) of adult patrons.

5. As a fatigue case, amusement rides and devices designed for child patrons shall be designed to operate during typical ride or device operating cycles with a full patron payload of 90 pounds or 0.40 kN located at all available seat positions.

6. As a fatigue case, amusement rides and devices designed for child patrons shall be designed to operate during typical ride or device cycles with partial payloads (that is, worst case unbalanced load) of child patrons.

7. Any specific limitations to operating with partial or maximum payloads assumed by the load calculations (that is, certain kinds of eccentric loading not allowed during operation) shall be clearly specified in the operating restrictions within the operating and maintenance instructions.

8. As a non-fatigue, dynamic case, amusement rides and devices shall be designed for occasional full or partial payloads of large adult patrons weighing 300 pounds per seat or an appropriate lesser amount if patrons are limited by the size of the seat or restraint or both. This means that if an adult patron weighing 300 pounds cannot fit into an amusement ride or device due to limitations with the size of the seat or restraint or both, then the amusement ride or device does not have to be designed to accommodate for occasional full or partial payloads of large adult patrons weighing 300 pounds per seat. In this case, the amusement ride or device shall be designed to accommodate occasional full or partial payload of the heaviest adult patrons that the amusement ride or device can physically accommodate. For kiddie rides, this analysis shall be performed using 160 pounds per seat.

i. This requirement shall be for calculation purposes only and shall not be interpreted as a requirement for the operation of the amusement ride or device. In addition, this subsection shall apply only to deflection and permanent deformation load calculations.

(g) Loads:

1. All applicable loads the amusement ride or device may be subjected to shall be considered.

2. Load calculations shall be performed for all amusement rides and devices.

3. The appropriate empirical tests shall be performed as soon as practical on the amusement ride or device (for example, weigh ride vehicles, measure acceleration and deceleration) to verify that the design assumptions used and weights and loads calculated are in accordance with the empirically measured values.

4. For portable rides, an evaluation shall be done in the trailering position and steps shall be taken to provide a bracing system that unloads the ride structure and protects it from fatigue and overload conditions.

(h) Permanent loads:

1. Permanent loads (that is, dead loads) for an amusement ride or device include all loads that do not fluctuate with respect to time during operation of the amusement ride or device. Dead loads shall include the load bearing structure, accessories, and the technical equipment required for operation, including claddings, fabrics, and decoration. The following shall each be considered a part of the overall permanent load:

i. The weight of the equipment;
ii. Conduits and piping;
iii. Ballast;
iv. Cladding;
v. Hard and soft themed and decorative coverings;
vi. Cables;
vii. Water (non-ponding);
viii. Entrained fluids (water, hydraulic oil); and
ix. Show elements mounted to ride.

2. Special types of permanent loads that (dead loads) do fluctuate with respect to time, but the fluctuations happen very slowly and occur only a limited number of times. Examples of these loads include

i. Foundation settlement (refer to ASCE 7);
ii. Misalignment;
iii. Deliberate pre-loading of structural components;
iv. Active and passive earth pressures;
v. Structural interaction at interfaces between the ride and track structure and the facility structure; and
vi. Maintenance loads (that is, fluctuations produced by draining of entrained fluids for maintenance)

3. The lists provided in (h)1. and 2. above are not intended to be a comprehensive or exhaustive list of loads. They are provided for consideration in the design process. The design shall include an evaluation of the loads the amusement ride or device is expected to experience during the calculated operational hours.

4. To the maximum extent practical, the applicable interfaces or mounts between facility structures and track structures or support structures and machinery shall be designed to reduce or eliminate the stresses caused by misalignment.

(i) Variable loads: Variable loads (that is, live load) for an amusement ride or device include all loads that fluctuate with respect to time. Variable loads are divided into four subsets: operational loads, non-operational loads, environmental loads, and operation in wind, which are addressed in (j) through (m) below.

(j) Operational (dynamic) loads:

1. Operational loads include varying loads normally encountered during operation of the amusement ride or device.

2. Both high (number of) cycle and low (number of) cycle dynamic loads shall be considered.

3. Elevated walking surfaces, including, but not limited to, waiting areas, loading and unloading areas, platforms, landings, stairs, and ramps, shall be designed to accommodate a live load of at least 100 pounds per square foot.

4. Operational loads shall include:

i. High cycle;

(1) Drive/actuation forces;
(2) Moving loads;
(3) Braking forces;
(4) Operational dynamics/vibration;
(5) Kinematic induced loads;
(6) Hydrostatic/hydrodynamic;
(7) Unbalanced load (centrifugal);
(8) Misalignment (that is, rotating shafts);
(9) Aerodynamic;
(10) Movement of show elements mounted to ride vehicle; and
(11) Patron restraint – adult patron (both inertial and direct force).

ii. Low cycle;

(1) Emergency evacuation;
(2) Runaway condition (that is, loads generated when drives/actuators operate at their full rated capacities);
(3) Patron restraint, large adult patrons;
(4) Fuel consumption;
(5) Earthquake;

(A) This subchapter does not require portable amusement rides and devices to be designed for seismic loads. However, when a portable amusement ride or device is designed for seismic loads, a description of these loads will be stated in the strength calculations, and included in the operating and maintenance instructions.

(6) Collision with emergency end stops; and
(7) Shock due to failure of redundant component (that is, cable suspended ride with dual cables);

iii. Low or high cycle;

(1) Reverse operation;
(2) Emergency stops;
(3) Anti-rollback;
(4) Patron load/unload forces;
(5) Possible failure modes producing loads on secondary structure (that is, safety cables and links, etc.); and
(6) Loads generated by special testing requirements (for example, increased weight, velocity or acceleration during cycle testing).

5. Because patron restraint loads occur in several ways, each of the following conditions shall
be considered in the design of an amusement ride or device:

i. Accelerations acting on the mass of the patrons produce inertia loads that are reacted by the restraint systems in order to hold the patrons in place during movement of the ride vehicle;

ii. Unintentionally or intentionally, patrons may apply significant forces to the restraints at times and during events not necessarily associated with inertia loading caused by motion of the ride. Examples are forces applied during loading and unloading of a ride vehicle when patrons grab onto restraints for balance or to pull themselves into and out of the ride;

iii. Patrons may pull or push on restraints while the restraint system is locked in either the up or down position in an attempt to move the restraint into or out of the restrained or unrestrained position (that is, prior to the operator engaging or releasing the restrain system);
and

iv. Patrons may attempt to intentionally damage a restraint system by applying their full strength to the restraint system and the design should possess sufficient strength to preclude yielding or undergoing significant deformation or both under this loading condition. In cases where more than one patron is restrained by a particular system, the design shall consider that all patrons will apply the same excessive (that is, abusive) forces.

(k) Non-operational loads: All non-operational loads, those associated with transportation or handling or both (that is, setting up, tearing down) and ongoing maintenance of portable and permanent amusement rides or devices, shall be considered in the design analysis.

(l) Environmental loads:

1. Portable amusement rides and devices shall be designed to resist all environmental loads that can be reasonably anticipated.
2. Fixed or permanent amusement rides and devices shall be designed to resist all applicable environmental loads for the intended location in accordance with the environmental loads in the applicable building
codes for the intended location.

i. Each type certified ride shall comply with (l)2 above or shall be designed for the worst case environmental conditions in New Jersey.

3. The operating and maintenance instructions shall clearly indicate the environmental loads for which the amusement ride or device was designed. In addition to the environmental load information, any restrictions, limitations, or special procedures associated with amusement rides exposed to these environmental loads shall be included.
4. Environmental loads to consider in the design include:

i. Snow and ice;
ii. Rainwater and ponding accumulation;
iii. Earthquake (seismic);

(1) This subchapter does not require portable amusement rides and devices to be designed for seismic loads. However, when a portable amusement ride or device is designed for seismic loads, a description of these loads will be stated in the strength calculations, and included in the operating and maintenance instructions.

iv. Wind (operational and non-operational); and
v. Self-straining changes in temperature, time variant ground forces (for example, settling).

(m) Operation in wind:

1. As a minimum, amusement rides and devices exposed to wind shall be designed to operate in winds up to 34 miles per hour (15 meters per second). Rides that are not designed to operate at this wind load shall have their design limitations clearly stated in the manual with instructions regarding any necessary disassembly of the ride.

2. Overturning calculations and load and strength calculations, as necessary, shall be required for operational wind loads.

3. The operating and maintenance instructions shall include the conditions for operation in wind for which the ride was designed. In addition to the operating information, any design restrictions, limitations, or special procedures for the safe operation of an amusement ride or device exposed to wind shall be included.

(n) Non-operational in wind:

1. Overturning calculations and load and strength calculations shall be required for non-operational wind load.

2. In addition to the operating and maintenance instructions requirements in (m)4 above, any design restrictions, limitations or special procedures for non-operating or out-of-service amusement rides and devices, and their associated components exposed to wind shall be included in the operating and maintenance manual.

(o) Design:

1. To verify that there is adequate structural capability in the design, a structural analysis shall be provided for each amusement ride or device. Test and measurement data may be substituted for numerical analysis.

i. The structural analysis shall consider and incorporate all significant loads and shall evaluate all significant stresses, strains, and deflections that may be experienced by the amusement ride or device against the appropriate material allowable criteria. Applicable loads are provided in (g) through (l) above.

2. In any case, no matter if stresses are determined by analysis, testing or both, loads and stress allowables must be determined irrespective of how stresses are evaluated. For example, if structural adequacy is to be verified via testing, the subject structure must be exposed to all appropriate loads(and there may be several loading conditions to apply) and the resulting measured parameters(strain, deflections, etc.) must be evaluated against some criteria to determine if they are acceptable. The design shall demonstrate that:

i. All appropriate loading conditions have been considered in the design, and
ii. The stresses produced by the expected loading conditions do not exceed the established material allowables.

3. The type of calculation or analysis selected shall be a widely recognized and generally accepted engineering practice. The calculations shall include forces, loads, stresses caused by differential movements of supports due to settlement, elastic and plastic deformations, including the effects caused by such moments of the interfacing structures or machine elements or both.

4. The design shall account for the following loads:

i. Static and operational loads generated during normal operation;

ii. Occasional static and dynamic loads generated during operation (for example, frequent emergency stops, single point failures and multiple point failures);

iii. Static and dynamic loads generated during maintenance operations
(that is, asymmetrical jacking);

iv. Patron loads that are even, uneven and exceptional under-load and overload conditions;

v. Loads generated by guests or any other persons;

vi. Loads generated by mechanisms at their full-rated pressure, flow and torque (for example, electric and hydraulic motors, actuators);

vii. Loads generated by hydrodynamic pressure (for example, due to travel through water, water waves, close proximity to waterfalls or moving boats);

viii. Loads generated by operating the amusement ride or device at maximum performance levels;

ix. Loads generated by special testing requirements (for example, increased weight, velocity or acceleration during cycle testing);

x. Loads resulting from shipping, handling, and installation;

xi. Loads imparted by other equipment, adjacent or otherwise;

xii. Environmental loads imposed during operation (for example, seismic loads, operational wind loads, temperature loads (that is, expansion/contraction). This subchapter does not require portable
amusement rides and devices to be designed for seismic loads. However, when a portable amusement ride or device is designed for seismic loads, a description of these loads will be stated in the strength calculations, and included in the operating and maintenance instructions; and

xiv. Environmental loads imposed on ride structure without operational loads.

5. Structures shall be analyzed to verify that significant plastic deformation or collapse or both does not occur under any reasonably foreseeable loading condition expected to occur a limited number of times throughout the operational hours used in the design per (c) and (d) above. Examples include environmental loads, patrons attempting to apply excessive (that is, abusive) loads to restraints, extremely heavy patron weights, and loads generated by e-stop events.

6. A deflection analysis shall be required if deformations in structural members or structural systems due to expected loading conditions could impair the serviceability of the structure, as provided at (t) below.

7. The structural analysis for the amusement ride or device shall consider strength and fatigue criteria in the evaluation of stresses resulting from the application of loads. The number of times that a specific load or combination of loads is expected to occur throughout the designated number of operational hours for the amusement ride or device shall determine whether the resulting stress levels will be compared to strength or to strength and fatigue material allowables. The method of analysis and load factors applied to specific loads shall be selected and based upon the number of times loads are expected to occur during the specified number of operational hours (that is, strength versus fatigue evaluation).

8. An analysis of the yield and ultimate strengths and fatigue properties of the materials utilized for all components that could affect safety upon failure of the component shall be required. Empirical testing, or empirical testing in combination with analysis, may be used as a means of evaluating the strength and fatigue properties of the materials for these components. If empirical testing is used for evaluation, the design shall clearly specify and describe the testing procedure and refer to ASTM F 846-92, Standard Guide For Testing Performance of Amusement Rides and Devices.

(p) Impact factor for strength and fatigue analysis:

1. An impact factor of not less than 1.2 shall be applied to all moving (dynamic) loads. If the manufacture or operation of the structures leads to a higher value, the higher value shall be used in the calculations. Amusement rides or devices that exceed 60 miles per hour shall use an impact factor of not less than 1.5 in the calculations unless empirically measured values show that a value less than 1.5 is appropriate.

2. An impact factor more than 1.0 and less than 1.2 may be applied to all moving (dynamic) loads only when the actual impact forces are empirically measured and do not exceed the product of the impact factor and the calculated load.

3. If impact forces (for example, due to vehicles operating over track rail joints), empirically measured during trial runs on the completed structures, are significantly higher than calculated values, then the calculations shall be revised to reflect the measured empirical forces.

4. If the revised calculations show any deficiencies in the structure, modifications shall be made to correct the deficiencies, and the empirical tests shall be repeated.

5. The load impact factor generally accounts for two effects:

i. Dynamic amplification, and
ii. Uncertainties associated with the calculation and analysis of dynamic loads.

6. The design shall account for impact and vibration loads associated with operation of the amusement ride or device when the maximum allowable wear limits for applicable components is reached. Moving loads shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

i. Vehicle;
ii. Kinematic induced loads;
iii. Moving structures (that is, arms on a rotating ride); and
iv. Patron weights.

7. When a structure is subjected to impulsive or shock loads, the peak deflections, internal forces and reaction forces may be significantly higher or lower than if the same loads were applied slowly (that is, quasi-statically). The response of a structure to the application of a particular loading condition is dependent upon the duration and profile (that is, load versus time) of the loading condition as compared to the fundamental period (that is, the inverse of the fundamental material frequencies).

8. In general, the magnitude of amplification (or reduction) of a structure’s response to dynamic loads as compared to the response to static loads can be determined by rigorous dynamic analysis or direct measurement or both. However, rigorous dynamic analysis or testing or both can be expensive and time consuming and is not always practical given other alternatives. In some cases the structure does not physically exist and therefore direct testing and measurement is not possible.

9. One alternative is to apply expected loads or accelerations or both using static analyses and ratio the results by the expected amplification (or reduction) factor as appropriate (or the loads can be ratioed prior to application). The actual amplification (or reduction) factor utilized should be based upon the expected duration of impulse or shock load as compared to the fundamental natural periods of the particular structure being analyzed.

10. The second aspect of the load impact factor pertains to accounting for the uncertainty associated with the calculation and analysis of dynamic loads.

i. For example, rigorous dynamic analysis may be utilized to predict reaction forces applied to guide wheels as a roller coaster ride vehicle traverses a track. In this case, an idealized track geometry is typically assumed, however, the actual loads and accelerations measured after a ride is built and operational are generally found to fluctuate (often significantly) from the nominally expected loads. This is partially due to manufacturing imperfections in the track system (that is, non-continuous smooth bends in track tubing, mismatch at joints, weld beads, etc.). Therefore, the impact factor shall account for uncertainties in dynamic loading. The selection of impact factors and their value is often based upon previous experience, engineering judgment, and sound engineering practice.

11. Impact factors of no less than 1.2 are applied to analytically predicted dynamic loads to account for shock and uncertainty effects. In cases where empirical verification of actual loads are measured, the structural adequacy of existing rides can be verified utilizing impact load factors closer to unity.

12. An example of a component that may have a design-defined maximum allowable wear limit that could effect the impact or vibration loads is tire wear.

(q) Anti-rollback devices:

1. An impact factor of not less than 2.0 shall be applied to anti-rollback devices. If the manufacture or operation of the structures leads to a higher value, the higher value shall be used in the calculations.

2. The fatigue properties for anti-rollback devices shall be verified when operation might cause fatigue damage to the anti-rollback device or its related structures. Otherwise only the strength properties of the anti-rollback device shall be required to be verified.

(r) Vibration factor for structural ride (or device) track components for strength and fatigue analysis:

1. A vibration factor of 1.2 shall be applied to dynamic loads resisted by the amusement ride or device track(that is, track, ties, rails, tie connections and vehicle frame members). This vibration factor is a multiplier to the impact factor.

2. Vibration factors need not be applied to supports or suspensions of the structural components (that is, track backbone, columns) or factored into calculations of:

i. Ground pressures;
ii. Settling; and
iii. Stability and resistance to sliding.

(s) Resonance protection: Certain structures may require special additional provisions for the reduction or attenuation of undesirable vibrations (for example, resonance). Examples of special provisions may include the addition of structural members or adding damping devices to the system.

(t) Serviceability:

1. Serviceability in the context of this subchapter shall mean satisfactory function and performance of an amusement ride or device (and not the ease of maintenance). For example, serviceability shall include verification that maximum deflections that occur during normal operation do not cause interferences or excessive distortions or both.

2. The design of the overall structure and the individual members, connections, and connectors shall be checked for serviceability (that is, deflection, vibration, deterioration, as defined in AISC). Provisions applicable to design for serviceability are given in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, ASD, 9th edition, Chapter L.

3. Machinery support structures and bases shall be designed with adequate rigidity and stiffness to maintain the required alignment of movable components.

(u) Design for strength:

1. The manufacturer shall perform a load combination analysis according to the equations in section 2.3.2 or section 2.4.1 of ASCE 7-98 or an equivalent standard for local combinations.

i. For live load calculations, dynamic loads shall be included.

ii. Thermal loads affecting components of the ride or foundation shall be included as live loads.

(1) If it can be shown that footings may be allowed to move to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction without degrading the footings' ability to resist other loadings, then thermal loads may be treated separately and taken out of the combined loading equation.

iii. The multiplier for the live load equations 2 and 3 in section 2.3.2 of ASCE 7-98 may be 1.33 instead of 1.6 as long as the live load is already being multiplied by 1.2 for the impact factor.

2. Either of the following two methods shall be acceptable:

i. In the Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method, stresses are calculated in the structure for expected (that is, unfactored, maximum loads). The calculated stresses, sometimes referred to as working stresses, are compared with the material design allowable stress.

ii. In the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method, limit states are identified and checked. The two most important limit states applicable to ride structures are static strength and fatigue strength.

(1) LRFD requires that adequate static strength be demonstrated by checking the strength of the structure against the applied loads. The strength is calculated by well-established analytical methods but downgraded by resistance factors to account for statistical effects in materials and manufacturing methods. The loads used in LRFD are generally maximum expected loads factored up to account for the probabilistic uncertainties of these loads.

(v) Design for fatigue:

1. The calculated working stress shall be used when designing amusement rides or devices for fatigue. Because material properties and material behavior may influence the fatigue analysis, the technique selected for fatigue analysis shall be material dependent. A list of acceptable resources applicable for specific materials follows:

i. For metals that use unwelded material, refer to Stress range or Goodman;
ii. For metals that use welded material, refer to Stress range or Goodman;
iii. For composites, refer to ASTM STP 1330, Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7th Volume, The Composite Material Handbook-MIL 17; and
iv. For timber, refer to AF&PA/ASCE 16-95.

2. The total number of load cycles expected to be experienced by the amusement ride or device throughout the operational hours shall be determined and applied in the fatigue analysis.

3. Designing for high cycle fatigue loading requires that the design account for the total number of load cycles the structure will experience during the operational hours. This can be shown either through empirical measurement or by estimating. The total number of load cycles selected then becomes a fundamental ingredient of the structural fatigue analysis.

4. The approach utilized to evaluate a structure for fatigue shall be consistent with the method used for strength design.

5. The means used to calculate and establish fatigue life shall be that in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, 9th edition, Chapter K or equivalent or that of a widely recognized and generally accepted engineering practice.

6. Components of amusement rides or devices that are not subject to cyclic loading during ride operation can be excluded from fatigue analysis requirements (for example, maintenance storage track, fasteners for transportation, equipment and structures used to set-up and tear-down amusement rides and devices(that is, lifting struts, rigging, etc).

7. For portable rides, an evaluation shall be done in the trailering position and steps shall be taken to provide a bracing system that unloads the ride structure and protects it from fatigue and overload conditions.

(w) Load factors for fatigue:

1. Load factors for fatigue shall be those required in this subchapter.

2. As opposed to the strength analysis, at least one of the loading combinations shall consider a state where the loads are the lowest or opposite direction so as to produce the highest change in stresses in relation to load combinations that produce the highest stress states. Where appropriate, load combinations shall also address the fact that some loads may reverse to produce stresses that may be similar in magnitude, but opposite in sign. It is possible that the maximum fluctuation in stresses might not be produced at all locations due to the same two load combination conditions.

(x) Load combinations for fatigue: Fatigue evaluations shall include loads combined in multiple combinations to produce the largest fluctuations in stresses and strains at all locations within the structure or component being analyzed.

1. In general, several load combinations must be evaluated and the difference between the stresses computed in the various combined loading conditions shall then be utilized to identify the expected fluctuation in stress levels and mean stresses, if applicable. For example, if three possible load combinations are identified to bound the extreme fluctuations, the fatigue analysis should consider the difference in stresses that occur between the three possible permutations (that is, load combinations 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 1 to 3).

2. In LRFD terminology, the fatigue limit state includes the structural response under expected maximum loads (that is, stresses due to unfactored loads) being checked against a fatigue allowable stress. The allowable stress, consistent with ASD methodology, is reduced from the expected fatigue strength. It is this reduction in allowable stress that ensures the safety of the structure against fatigue failure. If there is no reduction in fatigue allowable stress compared with fatigue strength, there will be a 50 percent probability of fatigue failure, which is clearly unacceptable. This is a very important consideration in the design of ride structures because the fatigue limit state is the most demanding in most design applications.

(y) Fatigue material allowable properties:

1. When determining allowable stress or strain levels for materials for fixed or permanent amusement rides or devices, the design shall use published fatigue property data (for example, a material specific S-N curve,) for the material being used. In addition, the published fatigue property data for the material shall be representative of the specific structural detail as implemented in the design (that is, plates, weldment, bolted joints, etc.).

i. Published fatigue property data presented as design properties, such as that found in AWS, may be used directly. These properties generally have some factor of safety associated with their use. Published fatigue property data based on empirical data, including those based on mean data, shall be adjusted before use to provide an appropriate factor of safety and allow for material inconsistencies. In the case of mean fatigue property data, the fatigue data shall be reduced by no less than two standard deviations (2s) to allow for material inconsistencies.

ii. Fatigue property data for a material that is derived from empirical data may be used when published fatigue property data is not available for the material. The proper techniques needed to establish a material’s fatigue property data are described in appropriate published technical references and shall be used when employing this method.

2. The use of mean fatigue property data downgraded by two standard deviations (2s) provides an appropriate level of safety for general design purposes. Using this adjusted fatigue property data approach will reduce the probability of failure to 2.3 percent. The acceptability of this probability of failure is cited in the literature(see "Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures" by S. J. Maddox, 2nd Ed., 1991, Abington Publishing). It is noted that the “Mean-2s” approach is incorporated in British Standard BS 5400: Part 10:1980, “Steel, concrete and composite bridges, Part 10. Code of Subchapter for fatigue.” It is noted that the design S-N curves developed in BS 5400 are generally consistent with curves given in AWS, AISC and DIN, which make no reference to the factor of safety associated with their use.

3. In the case where the raw fatigue property data is available, the “Mean - 2s” value can be calculated by standard statistical techniques illustrated in the figure below. In the absence of such data, a reduction of 18 percent for welded joint details shall be used and a reduction of 12 percent for parent materials shall be used.

4. Technical references such as Mechanical Engineering Design by Joseph Shigley or Dubbel Handbook of Mechanical Engineering edited by W. Beitz and K.- H. Kuttner address conditions to be considered, which include:

i. Size factor;
ii. Temperature;
iii. Corrosion;
iv. Notch factors;
v. Miscellaneous effects factor;
vi. Exposure to brominated water; and
vii. Loading mechanism (that is, bending, tensile, shear, axial).

Typical S – N Data Derived From Empirical Testing

Note: The data that correspond to a high cycle count (that is, N> ~1.00E+07) have a mean stress value of 6.3 kips per square inch (ksi) (43.4 MegaPascals (MPa)) and a standard deviation, s, of 1.8 ksi (12.4 MPa). Thus the “Mean-2s” value is 2.7 ksi (18.6 MPa) and this is the recommended design endurance limit. Note that for all the points shown, none of the tested specimens would have failed at that stress level. It is possible that if more samples had been tested and they followed the same statistical distribution as the data shown, approximately two percent of the data points would have been below 2.7 ksi (18.6 MPa). However, this is deemed an acceptable level in normal practice.

5. In lieu of computing a two standard deviation reduction from the mean fatigue strength based upon rigorous statistical analysis (when “design” fatigue strength data is not available), an alternate method based upon a strength reduction factor is presented in the third edition of Shigley. Several references, including Shigley, Juvinall and Dowling present data that indicates that the standard deviation of high cycle fatigue strengths of metals utilized in engineering applications is less than eight percent, and based upon this, Shigley has derived a table of “reliability” (that is, strength reduction) factors corresponding to various reliabilities. Note also that the results presented by Shigley also appear to be consistent with data presented in the ASM Atlas of Fatigue Curves. Due to the larger uncertainty associated with the “reliability factor” approach (as compared to rigorous statistical analysis), it is recommended that the reliability factor of 0.75 associated with a three standard deviation reduction (corresponding to 99.9 percent reliability) be utilized. This corresponds to a 25 percent reduction of mean or typical fatigue strength data.

6. Stresses within a structure shall be less than the endurance limit for the material being used. This infers that the structure will last indefinitely without cracking for the given loading duty cycle.

i. Where it is not feasible to keep the stresses within a structure less than the endurance limit for the material being used, where the presence of an endurance limit cannot be justified on the basis of available material data, or in the case of welded components, where the effect of corrosive agents on some metals, especially when in a welded configuration, leads to an S-N curve that does not exhibit a distinct flattened region at high cycle count, a finite life calculation shall be required.

7. Performing cumulative damage analysis: If the Ride Analysis defines primary structure that should be designed or a finite fatigue life, the steps listed in the following subparagraphs should be followed.

i. The first step in a finite life calculation is to identify the stress cycles in a component as induced by the loading history. For example, if we consider a point on a roller coaster rail, this will experience a cycle with a particular stress range each time an axle goes by and will also see a stress cycle associated with the loading of the entire train. The amplitude of this longer cycle would probably be different from the axle stress cycles. The fatigue damage associated with both types of stress cycles would need to be evaluated.

ii. In complex loading situations such as for motion base systems, the identification of stress cycles becomes very difficult and specialized techniques must be adopted. Rain-flow counting is one widely accepted method for this process. Standard fatigue texts should be referenced for detailed treatment of such techniques.

iii. Once the stress cycles have been identified in the structures duty cycle, the next step is to calculate the fatigue damage associated with each type of stress cycle. In other words, the fatigue life must be calculated for each type of stress cycle. Thus, for the roller coaster rail example cited earlier, it is necessary to calculate the life of the rail detail when subjected to the loads from axle number 1, 2 , ... n independently. The life associated with the stress cycle caused by the entire distributed train weight is also required.

iv. The final step in the finite fatigue life calculation is the combination of the life predictions for the various types of loading cycles. This is generally called the cumulative damage calculation and the method generally attributed to Miner and Palmgren is used for this step.
In this case, the cumulative damage is the linear combination of the damage associated with each type of stress cycle. Note that fatigue damage is defined as the inverse of the fatigue life. Thus, if the net fatigue life at a particular point, denoted as N years, is the result of fatigue damage from n separate loading events, each with a predicted life of Ni years, the Palmgren-Miner rule gives:

v. This evaluation completes the finite life fatigue calculation. The resulting fatigue life prediction N is then compared to the specified number of operational hours of the attraction.

vi. There are many methods available to perform structural analysis (for example, hand calculations, finite element analysis, etc.)

vii. Identification of loads and determination of the proper stress allowables are two key elements required to ensure amusement rides and devices possess adequate structural capability.

viii. The procedure to be used to verify that structures possess adequate structural capability consists of the following basic steps:

(1) Identifying all expected external and internal loading including where these loads will be applied;
(2) Calculating, or empirically measuring, stresses and strains;
(3) Determining the appropriate stress allowables (that is, strengths of materials);
(4) Comparing the computed or measured values for stresses or strains, based upon expected loading conditions, to the values for the respective design stress allowables; and
(5) If the calculated stresses are determined to be greater than the material allowables, redesigning and validation of analytical predictions with empirical testing shall be done.

(z) Stability:

1. Portable amusement rides and devices shall be designed such that when erected and operated per the written instructions, the portable amusement ride or device is adequately stable and resistant to overturning. The design shall take into consideration all worst-case loading (for example, unbalanced loading, wind loading).

2. Inspection instructions shall specify how the stability of a portable amusement ride or device is to be visually checked for acceptable settlement and level.

i. This inspection shall be performed after erection is completed and prior to the daily start of operation of the portable amusement ride or device at the installed location.

ii. This inspection instruction shall describe how these measurements shall be assessed, including the maximum amount of settlement and the maximum out of level tolerance allowable for the portable amusement ride or device operation.

5:14A-7.7 Metal structures

(a) For steel structures, the AISC Manual of Steel Construction shall be used for design and acceptance criteria. Another standard may be used if it can be shown to be equivalent.

(b) Only metals and metal alloys for which industry recognized data are available and that indicate the physical capabilities, including endurance limit or fatigue S/N curve, shall be used for structural elements in amusement rides and devices.

(c) Materials shall be resistant to corrosion from salt air or shall be protected from such corrosion.

5:14A-7.8 Timber structures

(a) Timber structures shall be designed in accordance with The Wood Handbook, NDS (National Design Standard) for ASD Design or equivalent standard for structural use of timber.

(b) Allowable loads and stresses provided in the sources listed in (a) may be reduced to allow for special combinations of conditions. These may include stress concentrations, shock, dynamics, load cycles, degree of risk, and environment.

(c) Features that result in a weakening of timber members subjected to impacts, alternating or pulsating stresses shall be avoided. Timber used as structural members that will be subject to impact, alternating and pulsating stresses shall have joints designed with load spreading plates or another recognized methods to relieve local stresses.

(d) Bored holes in timber members, particularly those in which bolts are regularly removed and installed in dismantling operations, shall be relieved from local stresses by the use of suitable load spreading plates or other recognized methods.

1. To prevent compression damage to timber members around fasteners, appropriate methods, such as steel plates or large outside diameter washers, shall be provided. Star washers or other such devices shall not be used in disconnectable timber joints.

2. Where tensile forces associated with holes in timber members act at right angles or obliquely to the direction of the grain, where splitting or tearing of the wood might result, wraparound plates or other suitable means shall be used on either side of fastener holes to absorb these forces.

(e) When timber elements are used in amusement rides and devices, the design shall include details of construction that demonstrate the prevention or reduction of damage due to decay. The design shall include inspection instructions, in accordance with ASTM F 893-87, Inspection of Amusement Rides and Devices, for ongoing inspection requirements for any timber elements. These instructions shall include:

1. Inspection for damaged or missing paint and the presence of moisture;
2. Any situations where water might enter and become trapped, thus supporting the development of rot or insect damage, or failure from expansion due to ice formation. Recommended methods of examinations to determine the presence and extent of rot in timber members shall be provided;
3. Inspection for the presence of corrosion on bolts and/or other fasteners sufficient to produce fretting in the timber and resultant loss of joint effectiveness; and
4. Inspection for otherwise damaged or missing timbers that might affect the load-carrying capacity of the
structure.

5:14A-7.9 Concrete structures

The selection of concrete grade shall be in accordance with ACI 301 and ACI 318 or an accepted equivalent
standard for structural use of concrete.

5:14A-7.10 Plastic and plastic composite structures

(a) The assessment of allowable loads and stresses in plastic, plastic composite, and bonded structures shall be performed in a manner suitable for that specific material and structure.

(b) The design shall include joint and connection details.

5:14A-7.11 Soft play equipment

Soft play equipment, subject to these rules because of its location with other amusement rides, shall meet ASTM F 1918, Standard Safety Performance Specification for Soft Contained Play Equipment, and all applicable sections of these rules.

5:14A-7.12 Speed-limiting devices and operator presence devices

(a) An amusement ride capable of exceeding its maximum safe operating speed shall be provided with a speed-limiting device.

(b) All powered amusement rides and devices shall be equipped with a properly functioning operator presence device.

1. Exception: For rides and attractions where the operator presence device does not add to safety, including roller coasters, bumper cars, log flumes, go karts and some computer controlled rides, an operator presence device shall not be required.

5:14A-7.13 Passenger tramways

(a) Passenger tramways shall comply with ANSI B77.1-1999, Aerial Passenger Tramways, with the following amendments:

1. Sections 1.1 through 1.3 and section 8 shall be deleted.
2. Any section or provision relating to administration or to reporting shall be deleted.

5:14A-7.14 Fire prevention

(a) Fabrics constituting part of an amusement ride shall be documented to have a flame resistance that meets NFPA 701, or shall meet the NFPA 705 field test. Products which do not meet any of these requirements or an acceptable equivalent standard approved by the Department shall not be permitted.

(b) All materials used in an amusement ride in rider compartments and larger volume or surface area materials shall comply with the following:

1. Materials used in fully enclosed rider compartments where riders cannot get out of the compartment independently shall have a Class I flame spread rating (0-25) in accordance with ASTM E 84 and shall have a smoke development rating of 450 or less. All padding or upholstered materials within the compartments shall have a char length not exceeding 1.5 inches when tested in accordance with NFPA 261.

2. All materials other than those used in fully enclosed rider compartments shall have a Class III flame spread rating (76-200) in accordance with ASTM E 84. For rides in an enclosable building, materials shall have a smoke development rating of 450 or less.

3. Exception: Paints, wall coverings not greater than 1/28 inch thick, lubricants and fuels shall not be required to meet the flame spread and smoke development rating requirements.

5:14A-7.15 Construction requirements

(a) All rides shall be subject to approval pursuant to N.J.A.C. 5:14A-2. Any building or structure associated with, as a functional part of or housing the ride shall be constructed in conformance with the State Uniform Construction Code and maintained in conformance with the State Uniform Fire Code. Additionally, permits and inspections, as required by the State Uniform Construction Code, N.J.A.C. 5:23, or the State Uniform Fire Code, N.J.A.C. 5:70, shall be obtained for the following:

1. Footings and foundations;
2. Plumbing or electrical connections, whether permanent or temporary;
3. Closed construction;
4. Tents; or
5. Flame producing appliances.

5:14A-7.16 Design for loading and unloading

(a) Safe and adequate means of loading and unloading each ride, ride element, or ride vehicle shall be provided. The ride shall be designed to protect against unsafe loading or unloading.

(b) When a ride is in a building, the following shall apply:

1. The minimum clear width to access a seat is 12 inches. If more than seven seats must be accessed, the access width shall be increased by 0.6 inches per seat up to a maximum of 22 inches; and

2. The maximum number of seats that can be accessed from one side is 24 seats or 30 feet, whichever is less.

5:14A-7.17 Pneumatic systems and components

(a) The design and manufacture of amusement rides and devices and modifications to amusement rides and devices shall comply with the applicable provisions of NFPA/JIC T2.25.1M-1986 or equivalent standard, as modified by this section.

1. ISO 4414 Second Edition 1998-08-05, “Pneumatic Fluid Power – General Rules Relating To Systems,” shall be considered an equivalent standard.

(b) Deviations, as defined by NFPA/JIC T2.25.1M-1986, are allowed if not prohibited or restricted herein. Any such deviations shall be reviewed and accepted by the manufacturer.

(c) The following changes shall be deemed a part of NFPA/JIC T2.25.1M-1986 for use in this subchapter. Only those provisions or sections with additions or changes are shown herein. Refer to NFPA/JIC T2.25.1M-1986 for other sections.

1. Section 5.9.1.1 shall be amended to read as follows: “Pneumatic circuits shall be designed for a maximum supply pressure of 8 bar (116 psig), unless otherwise specified. Deviations are allowed only when components are designed for higher operating pressures.”

2. Section 5.10.1, Manufacturer’s Information, shall be amended to read as follows: “The following information shall be permanently indicated on each pneumatic component the component manufacturer’s identification:
a) the component manufacturer’s part or model designation, where space permits;
b) where applicable, other data required by this standard (see 7.7, 8.4, 9.1, 10.1,11.4 and 12.5).”

3. Section 6.3.6, Locking of adjustable component settings, shall be amended to read as follows:“To prevent unauthorized access, a means for locking (for example, by means of a key) the enclosure(s) or compartment(s) in which flow control and/or pressure control components are mounted, or for locking their individual settings, shall be provided unless other provisions preclude such access.”

4. Section 6.4.2.1 shall be amended to read as follows: “Emergency stop and/or return control, where identified by the Failure Analysis of amusement ride and device equipment, shall incorporate an emergency stop or return control, whichever provides more safety (see 15.7.1). The provided emergency stop or return control shall be in accordance with N.J.A.C.5:14A- 7.20."

5. Section 6.4.2.2f shall be deleted.

6. Section 12.2b shall be amended to read as follows: “Adequate internal space shall be provided to accommodate 152 mm (6 in) leads of 14 AWG wire from each electrical supply connection and ground wire.”

5:14A-7.18 Pressure vessels, air compressors and hydraulic systems

(a) Pressure vessels shall conform to the requirements of N.J.A.C. 5:11.

(b) Where rides have mechanical or hydraulic energy, these systems shall have a means of being locked out, when necessary, for performing maintenance or inspections.

(c) The design and manufacture of rides using hydraulic systems shall comply with the applicable provisions of NFPA/T2.24.1 R1-2000, with the exception changes made in ASTM F 1159 9.3, or an equivalent standard.

5:14A-7.19 Identification, data plates and manufacturer’s information

(a) Every amusement ride shall be identified and shall have a data plate which contains the information required by ASTM F 698-94. This includes, but is not limited to, the following information:

1. The name and address of the manufacturer;
2. A trade or descriptive name of the ride;
3. The manufacturer's serial number;
4. The maximum safe number of riders;
5. The maximum safe speed at which the ride can operate;
6. The minimum and maximum safe weight limit per vehicle or per rider (if applicable);
7. The recommended direction of travel; and
8. The minimum and maximum height restrictions or weight restrictions for riding alone and riding accompanied.

(b) This data plate information shall be legibly impressed on a metal plate or equivalent and permanently affixed in a
location on the ride visible at all times.

5:14A-7.20 Safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic control systems

(a) Scope:

1. This section establishes the design requirements for safety-related control systems for amusement rides and devices incorporating electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems (E/E/PES), associated sensors and final actuator elements and interfaces. Examples of E/E/PES technologies are:

i. Electromechanical relays;
ii. Solid state logic;
iii. PES (programmable electronic systems);
iv. Motor-driven timers;
v. Solid state relays and timers;
vi. Hard-wired logic; and
vii. Combinations of the above.

2. This section does not address requirements of the non-safety related control system portion of the design.

3. This section does not require a safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic control system.

(b) Referenced standards in this section are as follows:

1. NFPA 79 1997;
2. NFPA 70 2002;
3. EN 1050, EN 954-1 and EN 61496;
4. IEC 61508;
5. ANSI B11.TR3; and
6. UL 508A.

(c) Safety-related control system:

1. General requirements:

i. The safety-related control system shall be capable of maintaining the designed safety integrity level under operating conditions.

ii. Safety-related control systems and functions shall have priority over all other control systems and functions.

iii. Non-safety-related functions within or outside of the safety-related control system shall be designed so that non-safety related functions can not compromise the integrity of the safety-related control system.

(1) This requirement shall not apply to necessary manual procedures (for example, reset, maintenance, evacuation) undertaken with adequate safeguards.

iv. The safety-related control system shall be designed and constructed so that the principles of IEC 61508, Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related systems, and UL 508A, UL Standard for Safety for Industrial Control Panels, are fully taken into account; and

v. The safety-related control system shall be maintained when faults occur.

2. Electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) used for safety-related purposes shall comply with the applicable parts of EN 61496, NFPA 79 or an equivalent standard.

(d) Stop functions:

1. There are three categories of stop functions, as follows:

i. Category 0, which shall mean stopping by the immediate removal of all power to the amusement ride or device (that is, an uncontrolled stop);

(1) An uncontrolled stop shall mean the stopping of machine motion by removing all power to the amusement ride or device with all brakes or other mechanical stopping devices being activated;

ii. Category 1, which shall mean stopping with power to the amusement ride or device to achieve a controlled stop and then removal of power when the controlled stop is achieved;

(1) A controlled stop shall mean that the amusement ride is brought to a stop and then the power is removed; and

iii. Category 2, which shall mean a controlled stop with power left available to the actuators.

2. The choice of category of stop shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of the application, functional requirements of the amusement ride or device, and the ride safety analysis.

i. Where required, provisions to connect protective devices and interlocks shall be provided.

ii. Where applicable, the stop function shall signal the logic of the control system that such a condition exists.

iii. The reset of the stop function shall not initiate any hazardous conditions.

iv. Category 0 and Category 1 stops shall be operational regardless of operating mode and a Category 0 stop will take priority.

v. Category 0 shall remove power to actuators that can cause a hazardous condition (s) as quickly as possible without creating other hazards (for example, by the provision of mechanical means of stopping requiring no external power, by reverse current braking for a Category 1 stop).

vi. Stop functions shall operate by de-energizing the relevant circuit and shall override-related start functions.

3. The Category 0 stop functions shall have the same requirements of a Category 1 or 2 functions and shall also comply with the following:

i. Each amusement ride or device shall be equipped with a Category 0 stop.

ii. When necessary, the safety-related control system may provide Category 0 stopping of the amusement ride or device.

iii. Category 0 stop functions have priority over all other functions.

iv. When a Category 0 stop function is initiated, the amusement ride or device will reach standstill in the shortest time commensurate with avoiding hazardous conditions.

4. Emergency stop functions:

i. Emergency Stop Category 1:

(1) Where a Category 1 stop is used for the emergency stop function, final removal of power to the machine actuators shall be ensured and shall be by means of electromechanical components.

ii. Emergency Stop Category 0:

(1) Where a Category 0 stop is used for the emergency stop function, it shall have only hardwired electromechanical components. In addition, its operation shall not depend on electronic logic (hardware or software) or the transmission of commands over a communications network or link.

5. Category 0 or 1 recovery requirements:

i. After a Category 0 or 1 stop function has been initiated, a restart of the amusement ride or device may not take place without a deliberate manual action. The resetting of the Category 0 or 1 stop function shall not start the ride.

(e) Safety-related parameters:

1. When the ride design defines specific safety-related parameters, the safety-related control system shall not allow the amusement ride or device to exceed the specific safety performance specifications.

(f) Operational modes: Each amusement ride or device shall be permitted to have one or more operating modes (for example, automatic, hand), which shall be determined by the type of ride and its operation.

1. When a safety-related control system has more than one mode of operation, the selected mode of operation must be visibly indicated. Any change of mode shall require deliberate operator action.

2. Where hazardous conditions can arise from mode selection, such operation shall be protected by suitable means (for example, key operated switch, access code).

3. Mode selection by itself shall not initiate operation. A separate action by the operator shall be required.

4. Safeguards shall remain effective for all operating modes.

i. Where it is necessary to temporarily override one or more safeguards, a mode selection device or means capable of being secured in the desired mode shall be provided to prevent automatic operation. In addition, one or more of the following measures shall be provided:

(1) Initiation of motion by a hold-to-run or other control device;
(2) A portable control station (for example, pendant) with an emergency stop device; Where a portable station is used, motion shall only be initiated from that station.
(3) Limiting motion speed or power; or
(4) Limiting the range of motion.