METADATA
DOCUMENT FOR THE NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (NJDEP)
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL
DATABASE
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
(NJ DEP) contracted Environmental Research Systems Institute (ESRI), with
Aerial Information Systems (AIS) as subcontractor, to create a state-wide
environmental database for the NJDEP Geographic Information System (GIS). The
Integrated Terrain Unit Mapping (ITUM) concept, pioneered by AIS, was chosen to
compile and input the various thematic layers into the GIS database. The
metadata document contained herein describes for the user the methodologies and
mapping criteria used by AIS during the course of the ITUM project.
The metadata document is divided into four sections.
Section I describes the general concept and methodology of Integrated Terrain
Unit Mapping, Section II lists the various collateral sources used during the
project, Section III describes the mapping criteria established specifically
for the NJ ITUM project and Section IV details the project chronology and any
changes to the mapping criteria or classification that occurred during the
compilation process.
I.
INTEGRATED TERRAIN UNIT MAPPING GENERAL CONCEPT AND METHODOLOGY
The following section describes the general concept
and methodology of integrated terrain unit mapping. The methods of compilation
described below were used in the NJ DEP ITUM project. Specific mapping criteria
relating to the NJDEP ITUM is described in Section III.
INTEGRATED
TERRAIN UNIT MAPPING CONCEPT
The concept of integrated terrain unit mapping was
first developed as a way to handle natural resource information for input into
a GIS. The recognition that environmental factors act upon one another in such
a way that a change in the distribution of any one phenomenon will tend to
alter the distribution of other phenomena is the key to the development of the
ITUM concept. Remotely sensed imagery is used together with existing collateral
geographic information to detect units on the face of the land which are
homogeneous throughout--with respect to major ecological variables such as
landforms, vegetation, soils, geology, and cultural influences. These units
exist because each factor influences the others, tending to cause a visibly
discernible ecological response zone.
These major mapped ecological variables are used to
construct correlation matrices which in turn allow the mapping of predicted
distributions of the variables at a very specific level. They are also used to
produce models which will provide capability ratings for an area or otherwise
project the expected responses of an area to actions planned for the future.
INTEGRATED
TERRAIN UNIT MAPPING METHODOLOGY
An integrated terrain unit map is a systematic
compilation of thematic overlays referenced to a common basemap
and imagery source. A process of data evaluation, data rectification and data
standardization is employed in order to eliminate redundancy and clarify
cartographic discrepancies among the various types of geographic data essential
to good planning. The ITUM process creates consistency among data layers and
reduces automation costs by decreasing the number of input maps to one.
Data items are reduced to their most primitive and,
therefore, most interpretable elements. These elements consist of a spatial
component represented as polygons, lines, points or surfaces; and their
descriptive attributes.
The basic steps of the ITUM process are as follows:
1.
Creation of
primary thematic overlays
2.
Integration of
thematic overlays
3.
Creation of an
ITUM manuscript
4.
Map automation
5.
Attribute input
6.
Edit of automated
ITUM
Primary Thematic Overlays
The first step in an ITUM project is to create a
series of independent thematic overlays rectified to a common basemap and imagery source. Existing maps are enlarged or
reduced to the scale of the basemap and are redrafted
on a mylar overlay which has
been pin-registered to the basemap. Delineations are re-registered
to topographic features; they may be generalized or given enhanced detail; they
may be subdivided or aggregated; and they are assigned the appropriate codes
based on the classification and the criteria established. Data layers lacking a
data source are created by interpretation of the basemap
and imagery. The interpretation effort is supplemented by referring to
additional collateral sources. Each overlay is reviewed by knowledgeable
quality control personnel and is edgematched to
adjoining overlays.
Integration
In a non-integrated approach, each primary thematic
overlay would be automated one at a time. However, in addition to the high cost
of automating several overlays, the GIS user would have to contend with
innumerable sliver polygons created when two or more layers are superimposed.
The slivers are caused by minor cartographic or interpretational discrepancies
among the overlays. They would create a jumble of misinformation in computer
overlays or models and would require a vast amount of valuable computer memory
to store and manipulate. The alternative
is the integrated approach, in which each overlay is cross-compared with the
others prior to automation and meaningless sliver polygons are eliminated. The
primary overlays are evaluated to determine the relative level of confidence placed
in each. The overlay judged to be least in need of revision is first to be
standardized by referencing it to the image and basemap,
and evaluating it against two primary overlays ranking next in confidence. The
first overlay is entirely redrafted, lines and codes, onto a clean sheet of mylar pin-registered to the basemap and other overlays. The integrator reconsiders the
placement of each polygon boundary on the first overlay, adjusting them where
necessary to better fit the pattern of the land as seen on the image and basemap, to standardize them with the other overlays, and
to achieve the desired level of detail. Integration is also an opportunity to
perform an extra quality control check on each overlay for code and boundary accuracy,
as each delineation is reviewed in conjunction with information found on the
other thematic overlays.
After the first data layer has been standardized, its
primary overlay is set aside, no longer to be used in the integration process.
Then, the primary overlay ranked second in confidence is standardized against
the basemap, image, the standardized overlay just
completed, and the third-ranked primary overlay. The same logic is applied in standardizing
this second overlay. The integrator may
make more refinements to the first standardized overlay based on his closer
examination of the second overlay. The procedure for the third overlay is much
the same, except integration now proceeds in reference to two standardized overlays,
the basemap, and the image. Additional refinements
can be made to the first two standardized overlays at this point. The integration
process is iterated until each of the primary overlays has been standardized. A
quality control and edgematch check is performed once
integration is complete.
If the standardized overlays were automated
individually, the resultant database would have far fewer slivers than a
database created from the primary overlays. However, sliver polygons would
still occur due to slightly different renderings of polygon boundaries meant to
be identical. Furthermore, the costs associated with automating several maps
would still be incurred. To avoid both
of these situations, a single manuscript map containing all of the polygon
boundaries from each layer is drafted for automation.
ITUM Manuscript Map Compilation
A clean sheet of mylar
and the first standardized overlay are pin-registered to the basemap, which in turn is registered to the image.
Registration tics (from the locational grid on the basemap) and a map border are drafted onto the mylar sheet, which will become the
manuscript map. All of the polygon boundaries on the standardized overlays, but
none of the codes, are transferred to the manuscript map in black. Refinements
may be made to the delineations in this last comparison of the overlays to the basemap and image. When the transfer of delineations is complete,
the first standardized overlay is replaced with the second. Boundaries that
were not represented on the first overlay are added to the manuscript;
boundaries occurring on both overlays are represented only once on the manuscript.
The process is repeated with each standardized overlay until the manuscript
contains all of the polygon boundaries from all of the data layers. Drafting
quality is important for the automation process. Polygon boundaries should be of consistent line
width and darkness, and no underdrafts or overdrafts
should occur. The completed manuscript map is reviewed for these problems and
to ensure that all polygon boundaries have been transferred.
Map Automation
The ITUM manuscript is scanned to convert the map
features to digital form. The automated spatial features are processed to fix
scanning errors and to associate unique sequence numbers with each polygon. The
spatial coverage is then linked with an automated matrix of attributes to form
the complete set of ITUM information.
Attribute Input
Attribute data for the ITUM polygons are captured by
assigning a unique sequential number to each ITUM polygon, then creating a matrix
of codes for each ITUM polygon from the standardized overlays. Sequence numbers
are manually assigned to ITUM polygons, starting in one corner and proceeding
through the map to end in the opposite corner. These sequence numbers form the
first column of the attribute matrix. Subsequent columns are reserved for codes
from each of the data layers. Each standardized overlay is registered in turn
to the numbered ITUM manuscript, and the codes for each ITUM polygon are
entered in the appropriate row (for the ITUM polygon number) and column (for the
data layer). The completed matrix is automated and associated with the ITUM to
link attributes with each polygon.
Edit Plots
Before the database can be considered complete, an
edit is necessary to ensure that polygons and their codes have been automated
correctly. Computer plots corresponding to each data layer are generated. Each
plot is compared against the appropriate standardized overlay. Discrepancies
between the two are corrected on the plot and on a printout of the attribute matrix.
Edges between adjoining maps are checked to ensure that codes and boundaries
are consistent across the map borders. After
the computer files are updated with the edit changes, the ITUM is ready to be
used in computer modeling.
NEW
The NJ DEP ITUM project began in 1986 with the
Phase I, 1986-1987
Phase II, 1988-1989
Phase III, 1989-1990
Phase IV, 1991-1992
Phase V, 1992-1993
Phase VI, 1993-1995
Phase VII, 1994-1995
II.
COLLATERAL SOURCES
The NJ DEP database is composed of four thematic
layers: Land Use/Land Cover, Soils, Geology and Flood
Prone data. A variety of collateral sources was used to compile the primary
thematic overlays. Listed below are the major forms of collateral used for each
thematic layer.
-
Aerial Photography:
Color Infrared (CIR) stereo-paired imagery dated March
1986, were used to compile the land use/land cover primary thematic overlay and
was used as the source for adjusting line delineations during the ITUM mapping
effort. The 1986 CIR photography was very useful in identifying signature
differences between various land cover types. The stereo-paired imagery allowed
the interpreter to see height distinctions between vegetation classes and to
identify topographic features on the landscape.
One limitation of the photography that the user needs
to be aware of is the date of the photography relative to the date of data
compilation for the GIS.
-
Basemap:
In order to create a consistent baseline database for
the state, a single basemap set was used for all
phases of the project. The 1:24,000 scale orthophoto
quads, dated March 1986, were chosen by NJ DEP as the project basemap set. All data layers mapped for each project phase
were rectified and standardized to this basemap. One significant limitation of the orthophoto basemap, in addition
to the date of photography, was the grey tone definition, or lack of it, in
certain areas. Sometimes the CIR imagery showed clear signature differences
between land cover types, but the signatures were indiscernible on the orthophoto. Under
these circumstances, the photointerpreters used their
best judgement, referencing other features on the orthophoto to help delineate the polygons in the proper
location.
-
Land Use/Land Cover:
Ancillary Collateral
The Land Use/Land Cover layer was compiled using the
Office of Environmental Analysis (OEA) based classification provided by USGS
Land Use and Land Cover Classification System, Professional Paper 964, 1976 as
modified for
The collateral maps were used as a secondary source of
information to identify land use/land cover types. Features or land cover types
on the collateral maps were compared against the CIR and orthophoto
imagery. If the photography did not support the information shown on the maps
or if the features identified were smaller than the minimum mapping unit, they
were not delineated onto the thematic overlay.
-
USGS 7.5 minute
Topographic Series, paper and mylar sheets:
These maps were very useful and were available for the
entire state. They helped verify land use, urban built-up and topographic
features, and to a lesser extent vegetation cover type The
biggest limitation was that they were often out of date and schematic.
-
Hagstrom and
These maps were of limited use although they were
generally available for the entire state. They were not as detailed as the USGS
7.5 minute topographic maps and were more diagrammatic in their feature
depictions. In addition to major roads, the street maps usually had the
locations of golf courses, parks and regional shopping malls.
-
Pineland
Commission Maps:
The Pineland maps were used to assist in identifying
Pitch-Pine lowland forest, cedar swamp, and coniferous wooded wetland areas. The maps were quad based, at a scale of
1:24,000. They were only compiled for the southern portions of the state which
is where the Pinelands vegetation is generally found. During Phase IV of the
project the
-
National Wetlands
Inventory Maps (NWI):
The NWI maps were used to help identify wetland
vegetation types. The maps were quad based, at a scale of 1:24,000. They were
generally available throughout the state, although some quads did not have NWI
information compiled. During Phase IV, NJDEP was able to provide state
Freshwater Wetland (FWW) plots for selected areas. These plots, when available,
replaced the NWI maps as a wetlands collateral source.
-
Freshwater
Wetland Plots:
Concurrent with the ITUM project, NJ DEP conducted a
mapping project that delineated the freshwater wetlands resources of the entire
state in response to the Freshwater Wetlands Act (1988). These wetlands were mapped using the Cowardin classification system instead of the OEA based
classification used for the ITUM. The CIR imagery used in the ITUM project was
utilized for the FWW photointerpretations and the
polygons were delineated onto 1:12,000 scale orthophoto
quarter-quad basemaps. The maps were entered into
their GIS as a separate FWW coverage. During Phase IV of the ITUM project, FWW
plots became available for selected quad sheets. The FWW plots were a much
better source of wetlands collateral than either the NWI or Pinelands maps and were
used in place of those sources when available. NJ DEP converted the original FWW data into a
form suitable for the ITUM project. They crosswalked
the Cowardin classification to the project
classification codes, eliminated polygons below the minimum mapping unit and
plotted the data at the 1:24,000 ITUM mapping scale. The FWW plots also
included the Upper Wetlands Boundary (UWB). The UWB separated tidal from
non-tidal areas and was used accordingly during the ITUM mapping.
-
Tideland Maps:
These maps, where available, were utilized during
Phases I-II, to help delineate the boundaries between tidal and non-tidal areas.
When FWW data became available, the tideland maps were no longer used as a
collateral source.
-
Soils
Soil collateral, where available, was provided in
three different forms. All primary thematic overlays mapped by AIS were recompiled
from the soil surveys mapped for each county by the Soil Conservation Service
(SCS now the NRCS). The soil surveys contained soil class descriptions,
suitability analysis, and soil maps. The soil maps depicted soil polygons and
codes mapped onto a photo base with roads and hydrologic features delineated.
The date of the soil survey compilation affected the match between the soil
survey maps and the orthophoto basemap.
Each county had its own classification
scheme, mapping criteria and mapping scale. Because the SCS classification was
not standardized across the state, soil units often ended abruptly at the
county line; delineations and codes changing significantly from one county to
another. Due to the varying scales of the soil survey, virtually all of the map
sheets had to be rescaled for recompilation into the ITUM. Concurrent with, but
separate from, the ITUM mapping effort, the NRCS (formerly the SCS) implemented
a statewide remapping project. Their goal was to create a GIS database
containing soil information mapped to a standardized statewide classification. NJ DEP negotiated with SCS to use the updated
information for the ITUM project. The
NRCS provided either hand-drawn hardcopy mylars
recompiled to the orthophoto basemap
or digital files of the recompiled data. When digital files were available, plots were
created at 1:24,000 scale. The hand-drawn mylars and digital plots were used as the recompiled soil
layer for the ITUM project. They contained only soil polygons and codes, no
other landscape features that might assist in local registration were
delineated. A listing
of the soil codes and names, but no further descriptions, were provided
for each county. Where available, the Soil Surveys were used for further soil
class definitions. The new soil data
became available for select counties during Phase IV and was used whenever
possible for the remainder of the ITUM project. The method of recompilation
used for each county can be found in Section IV under the appropriate county
heading.
-
Flood Prone
Flood prone information was derived from the 1:24,000
scale USGS map of flood prone areas. These maps are not Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) maps. The maps were very simplistic, showing the boundaries
between flood prone and non-flood prone areas as open-ended polygons
superimposed on a USGS topographic base. During the integration step the
open-ended polygons were closed off and additional flood prone areas were photointerpreted; the interpreted delineations were coded separately
from the data contained on the flood prone collateral maps.
-
Geology
The 1:63,360 scale, statewide geologic map series
sheets were used to map geologic units across the entire state. The map sheets
were very diagrammatic and contained only geologic units, codes and some water
bodies. No other landscape features were depicted, making proper registration
of the geologic units to the basemap difficult.
Rescaling of the map sheets was necessary before they could be recompiled to
the orthophoto basemap.
During phase IV, 1:63,360 scale Atlas sheet topographic bases corresponding to
the geology map sheets were made available. These maps showed the locations of
roads, towns and topographic features. When overlain onto the geology sheets, they
facilitated the registration of the geologic units to the basemap.
III. NEW
The following section describes the specific mapping
criteria established for the NJ ITUM project. The first part details the compilation
of each of the primary thematic overlays. The second part describes the
procedures for standardizing the thematic overlays through the integration
process. For the description of the general ITUM procedures, refer to Section
I, ITUM Methodology.
PRIMARY
THEMATIC OVERLAY COMPILATION
Land Use/Land Cover (lu/lc)
A. Photointerpretation
All lu/lc features have a
photo signature. These signatures are defined by color, texture, pattern, and
tone on the aerial photography. By observing the context and extent of the
photo signatures associated with specific lu/lc
types, the photointerpreter is able to identify and
delineate the boundaries of lu/lc features. Additional collateral sources are of great
utility to the photo interpreter. They help identify specific lu/lc features and provide a background context against
which the photo signatures can be compared. Understanding the relationship
between lu/lc types is very useful in the
interpretation process. The context in which a lu/lc
unit occurs is as important as the signature of the feature on the photograph
in determining the lu/lc category assignment for the
unit. For example, knowing that railroad tracks often run nearby or through
industrial areas, or that commercial shopping areas
are usually found on major roads can help the photo interpreter make the
correct interpretation. Familiarity with
regional differences helps interpretation by establishing a context for a
specific area.
The NJ ITUM primary thematic overlay for the lu/lc layer was created by AIS, through photointerpretation
of the CIR stereo imagery. Multiple collateral sources were used in conjunction
with the CIR imagery to help identify lu/lc features.
These collateral sources were only used
as guides, they were not interpreted literally. The CIR imagery was used to
confirm the existence of the lu/lc types observed on
the collateral maps. All lu/lc units were mapped according to the classification definitions
(see Attachment A). Exceptions are noted in Section IV, under the appropriate
county heading. Prior to Phase V, the AIS photo interpreters visited
B. Minimum Mapping Unit
The resolution of the CIR imagery allowed for the
recognition of minute features on the aerial photography. To have mapped every feature
identifiable to the photo interpreters would have required much more time and
money than the original scope of work entailed. To meet the project schedule
and budget, a minimum mapping unit of 2.5 acres was established during the
-
Built-up land
uses took precedence over non-built up categories. For example, if a below mmu residential land use was next to a below mmu forest land cover, the forested area was aggregated
with the built-up land use and coded as a residentialland
use class.
-
In general,
residential land use took precedence over other built-up land uses. If a below mmu residential land use was next to a below mmu commercial land use, the commercial area was aggregated
with the residential land use and coded as a residential land use class.
-
Wetland vegetation
took precedence over non-wetland vegetation classes. If a below mmu wetlands vegetation type was next to a below mmu upland vegetation class, the upland vegetation was aggregated
with the wetlands area and coded for the appropriate wetlands category.
-
Isolated below
resolution polygons completely surrounded by a single lu/lc
polygon were absorbed into the surrounding lu/lc class.
Examples of this would be housing surrounded by forest, commercial land use
surrounded by industrial, wetlands vegetation surrounded by uplands vegetation,
etc.
-
If a below
resolution polygon was surrounded by a number of other above resolution
polygons, then the below resolution polygon would be joined with the polygon
that most closely represented its class. For example, if a below mmu residential class was next to above mmu
commercial, industrial, and forested polygons, the residential land use was
aggregated into the commercial polygon. Although the mmu
was 2.5 acres, many of the lu/lc classes were mapped
down to 1.5 acres. For example, there are a significant number of residential
land uses in rural areas that are often below 2.5 acres in size; if the mmu was not adjusted to 1.5 acres these units would never
be delineated. Another exception was wetlands vegetation. Because of their
importance relative to many types of analysis, wetlands vegetation was also
routinely mapped below the mmu. If the 2.5 acre mmu had been strictly observed, these units would not have
been captured in the database. By mapping certain lu/lc
classes smaller than the 2.5 acre mmu, the user is
given a more accurate depiction of lu/lc conditions
in these areas. Below mmu lu/lc
features were also created/mapped along county
boundaries. The county line is clipped into the ITUM database often cutting across
lu/lc features and thereby creating below mmu polygons. These
below mmu units are artificial and should not be
considered as sliver polygons, since by removing the county boundary the original
lu/lc delineations are restored. In addition, a minimum width unit of 85 feet
was employed for all polygons. If a class was less than 85 feet in width it was
collapsed into the adjacent polygons. So, for example, many Interstate roadways
are delineated as transportation polygons but when the width of these roads becomes
less than 85 feet, the roadway is collapsed. Therefore, a
separate roads coverage is required to get complete contiguity of roads
features. ,The 85 foot measurement derives from the
stated accuracy of the maps at 1:24000 which is =/- 60 feet. For a feature to
be delineated with linework of =/-20 feet, the
feature has to be at least greater than 60 ft plus 20 feet to be a real feature
based on the quality of the base map and width of the line delineating the feature.
C. Land Use/Land Cover Drafting Conventions
There are significant differences between built-up and
natural land use categories that required different drafting techniques for
each type. Built-up land uses usually follow man-made features like fence
lines, roads, and property boundaries and contain straight edges and right
angle corners. To properly represent these classes in the database, the photointerpreters used a straight edge to delineated crisp,
straight boundaries and sharp angles. By
contrast, natural vegetation boundaries tended to be transitional, the line
separating different classes was less distinct. The polygons seldom contained
straight edges or angles unless the vegetation unit was bounded by a man-made
feature such as a road or fence line. Therefore, vegetation categories were usually
drafted freehand to more accurately capture the flowing, curvilinear nature of
the polygons.
The general drafting criteria is listed below:
-
If a polygon
boundary followed a road, the line was drafted down the middle of the road. It
was not angled along the road.
-
Where roads and
features on the orthophoto differed from those represented
on other collateral sources, the location on the orthophoto
was used to depict the feature.
-
Smooth curves
were drafted appropriately, not wavy or jagged.
D. Field Verification
A field verification task is usually performed in
conjunction with the photointerpretation to ensure
that the data layer produced is as error free as possible. The photos and interpreted
mylar overlays are taken
into the field by the photo interpreters. On-site verification is performed for
each polygon flagged during the photointerpretation
process. All polygons flagged during the photointerpretation
task are reviewed in the field and resolved. Changes and corrections resulting from
the field verification process are made directly onto the photo overlays. However, due to financial constraints, NJ DEP
decided during the
Soils
The primary thematic overlay for soils, when not
provided by the SCS, was recompiled from the
Flood Prone
The flood prone information was recompiled onto a mylar overlay pin-registered to
the basemap. The USGS collateral map contained open
polygons delineated with a very thick line. The interpreters drafted down the
middle of the collateral line delineations, leaving the polygons open-ended.
Since the USGS collateral did not represent the full extent of the flood prone areas,
further interpretations were performed during the integration step. In order to
distinguish between interpreted and documented flood prone areas, different
codes were assigned to each type. The open-ended polygons were also closed off during
the integration process. In some
instances, the flood prone units did not edgematch
across the collateral map sheets. When this occurred, the documented flood
prone unit stopped at the quad boundary, creating a straight line in the
database.
Geology
The geology information was recompiled onto a mylar overlay pin-registered to
the basemap. The collateral maps were at a scale of
1:63,360 and had to be rescaled. The resulting maps were very
"cartoonish" due to the enlargement of the linework
and the relative lack of detail in the original collateral maps. The only
registration features contained on the maps were large water bodies. Using the
water bodies and correlations between topography and geologic units, the
collateral was recompiled to the mylar
overlay. The availability of Atlas sheets during Phase IV helped increase the
accuracy of the registration, although it did not improve the original
collateral data. Other than the addition of Atlas sheets, there were no changes
made to the mapping criteria for geology throughout the project. Questions raised during the recompilation
process were addressed to the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS). Gail Carter
and Greg Herman answered all questions raised during the recompilation process.
There were situations where geologic
units did not edgematch across collateral map sheets.
If the NJGS could not provide a solution, a straight line was drafted between
the polygons in question.
Water
Throughout the course of the ITUM project, water
features were coded into the database a number of different ways. During the
Coastline Delineations
Coastline boundaries for all ITUM phases were derived
from a preexisting NJ DEP coastline file derived from the NJDEP 1986 orthophotoquads. The coastline was clipped into the ITUM coverage
after the data had been automated.
The County boundaries were derived from a preexisting
NJ DEP county boundary file. The county line was clipped into the ITUM coverage
after the data had been automated. Each county was given a county code; this
was input into the ITUM coverage.
Edgematching
Edgematching of all layers for each quad sheet was performed to ensure
the continuity of spatial and attribute characteristics of features across quad
boundaries. All features on each layer were edgematched
to the corresponding features on adjacent quad sheets. Edgematching was
also performed along county boundaries. Lu/lc, flood
prone and geologic units are often continuous across county lines. Because the
ITUM mapping project was conducted county by county it was necessary to stop
some continuing features at the county boundary, resulting in a temporary
partial delineation of the unit. The delineation was completed when the adjacent
county was mapped. The mapping criteria
established for
-
If adjacent
counties were part of the same mapping effort, the lu/lc,
flood prone and geologic units were mapped through the county boundary, as if
it were invisible. The county line was clipped in after the ITUM data had been
automated.
-
If an adjacent
county had been compiled during a previous ITUM mapping effort, the lu/lc, flood prone, and geologic units were edgematched to the existing features. This was done by
matching the current delineations to the standardized thematic overlays from
the previously mapped counties. Soil
units were not edgematched across county lines in the
same way as the lu/lc, flood prone and geology
layers. Because each county had its own classification for soils, the
delineations and codes often stopped at the county boundary. An effort was made
during the compilation of the primary thematic overlays to match the
delineations across the county line where appropriate. This was done by comparing the code
descriptions for each unit to one another to determine if they were essentially
the same unit, or fundamentally different from one another. For the most part,
the soil delineations do not edgematch across the
county boundaries.
STANDARDIZED
THEMATIC OVERLAY COMPILATION/INTEGRATION
Order of Integration
One of the first steps of the integration process is
to set the order of integration. This is accomplished by assigning a "confidence
rating" to each primary thematic overlay. Primary thematic overlays
assigned a high confidence level usually need little or no revision during the
integration step, therefore they are standardized
first to set the baseline for subsequent layers. A high confidence rating is given to primary
thematic overlays compiled using photo-verifiable, detailed collateral sources
at the mapping scale. For the NJ ITUM
project, the lu/lc layer was assessed as having the
highest confidence rating with soils rated second, then flood prone and
geology. The order of integration for the entire ITUM project was set
accordingly with the lu/lc layer standardized first,
followed by soils, flood prone and geology. Specific mapping
criteria for each layer is listed below.
Land Use/Land Cover
The lu/lc standardized
overlay was created by comparing the lu/lc primary
overlay to the soils primary overlay. The delineations were verified with the
CIR imagery and redrafted onto a sheet of mylar
pin-registered to the basemap. Built-up land use delineations
were seldom changed from their original depiction on the primary thematic
overlay. Vegetation delineations, because of their transitional nature, were
often revised after comparison to the soils layer. One example of this is
adjustment of wetland vegetation to match a wet soil. Once compiled, the lu/lc
standardized overlay became the foundation for the rest of the integration
process.
Soils
The soil standardized overlay was created by comparing
the primary soil overlay against the standardized lu/lc
overlay. Delineations were verified with
the CIR imagery and redrafted onto a sheet of mylar pin-registered to the basemap.
The soil delineations were often revised after comparison to the lu/lc data and topographic features. The mapping criteria regarding soil
delineation revisions during the integration process are listed below.
-
Soils were
correlated to topographic features; drainage soils were adjusted to fit stream
drainages, steep soils were adjusted to fit side slopes, etc.
-
Wet soils were
correlated to wetland vegetation, where appropriate.
-
Urban soils were
correlated to built-up areas on the lu/lc layer. If a
built-up area had expanded beyond the original soil boundary, the soil unit was
adjusted to fit the lu/lc delineation.
-
Urban Complex
soils were adjusted to fit built-up areas, but not as much as a pure urban
soil. If a built-up area had expanded beyond the original soil boundary, the
soils were not adjusted to fit the lu/lc delineation.
-
Pit, Quarry and
other excavated soil types were correlated to excavations identified on the lu/lc layer. If an excavation had expanded beyond the
original soil boundary, the soil was adjusted to match the lu/lc
delineation.
-
Areas designated
in the soil surveys as excavation soils which appeared to be urban land or
overgrown with natural vegetation were left as excavation soils on the soil
layer.
Starting with Phase IV and continuing through
subsequent mapping phases, NJ DEP requested that all soil delineations moved
during the integration process more than 200' (1/10" at the 1:24,000
mapping scale) from the original collateral line placement be documented.
Movements of 200' or less were not documented. Based on the established mapping
criteria, four standard categories of boundary adjustments were characterized.
Codes representing each category were placed in the appropriate location on the
standardized soil mylar
overlay. The annotations were not automated into the ITUM database with the exception
of the Soil Inclusion/Resolution category. A "Soil Inclusion" item had
been added to the database during Phase II of the ITUM project.
The four categories of soil line movement are
described below:
1 = Soil Inclusion/Resolution
This category includes any soil units on the original collateral
that were dropped from the database due to minimum mapping considerations.
2 = Urban Soils/Urban Land Uses
Urban soil boundaries were adjusted to correlate to
built-up land uses delineated on the lu/lc overlay.
3 = Photo Signature
This category includes soil lines that were adjusted
due to the correlation of wet soils to wetland vegetation on the lu/lc overlay and the adjustment of soil units to match
photo signatures on the orthophoto basemap.
4 = Topography
This category describes soil lines that were adjusted
due to the correlation of soil units to topographic features on the orthophoto basemap.
Soil Inclusion
During Phase II, a minimum mapping unit (mmu) of one acre was established for the primary soil layer.
Any soil polygon smaller than the mmu
was not mapped, but its location was marked on the soil overlay with an
"X". All polygons containing an "X" were coded as
soil inclusions, to indicate which polygons would contain more information if
that area were compared to the original soil collateral. A "Soil
Inclusion" item was added to the ITUM coverage. The use of an "X" to identify the
location of soil inclusions was discontinued after the Phase III mapping
effort. Following the methodology developed during the Phase IV mapping effort,
the soil inclusions were documented directly onto the standardized soil overlay
using a code of 1. The criteria established to identify soil inclusions
remained the same throughout the ITUM project. During the integration process there were soil
polygons below the mmu that were dropped but not
coded as a soil inclusion. Examples are
listed below:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded excavation soil or
urban soil were not coded as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
-
Water polygons
dropped because they did not exist on new imagery were not marked as dropped
polygons. This criteria was used only when water was
mapped as part of the ITUM project.
(Phases II and III).
Flood Prone
The flood prone standardized overlay was created by
comparing the primary flood prone overlay against the standardized soil and lu/lc overlays. Delineations were verified with the CIR
imagery and redrafted onto a sheet of mylar
pin-registered to the basemap. Additional flood prone
information was interpreted and drafted onto the standardized overlay. Wetland
areas from the lu/lc layer, floodplain soils, as well
as the marsh symbols and contour lines on the 1:24,000 topographic quad, were used to assist in the interpretation of flood
prone areas. To differentiate between
the documented and interpreted flood prone data, a code of "1" was
assigned to all documented flood prone areas and a code of "2" to
interpreted flood prone polygons. Non-flood prone areas were given a code of
"9". During integration, the
documented flood prone delineations were correlated to topographic features,
wetland vegetation and wet soil types. Open-ended polygons on the primary
overlay were closed off. In areas where the documented flood prone did not
represent the full extent of the flood prone area, interpreted flood prone
delineations were added to the standardized overlay. Guidelines were
established to help the interpreters determine whether an area should be mapped
as interpreted flood prone. They are listed below:
-
Wetland
vegetation on the lu/lc overlay is always considered
a flood prone area and should be mapped as either a documented or interpreted
flood prone type.
-
Wet soil types
are often flood prone areas. The soil data was a very important source of
collateral for mapping interpreted flood prone. Counties that did not contain a
soil layer usually had less interpreted flood prone than counties with soil information.
-
Drainages are
often flood prone areas. Only the major drainages were mapped as flood prone.
Geology
The geology standardized overlay was created by
comparing the primary geology overlay against the standardized soil, lu/lc, and flood prone overlays. Delineations were verified
with the CIR imagery and redrafted onto a sheet of mylar pin-registered to the basemap.
Because the geology primary overlay received a very low confidence rating, the
geology delineations were revised extensively during the integration process.
In general, the geologic units were most often revised to fit landscape
features on the orthophoto basemap.
Surficial geology was correlated to flood plain soils
and wetland marshes where appropriate.
IV. PROJECT CHRONOLOGY
This section is organized according to the order of
compilation, county by county. Listed under the general county heading is the year of compilation, whether a field verification
task was performed and the AIS project manager. The specific land use/land
cover classes used for each county can be found under the appropriate
attachment. Agencies and people contacted during the project are also listed. Each county is broken out by thematic layer;
land use/land cover, soils, geology and flood prone. The collateral sources, classification,
methodologies and mapping criteria used to compile the thematic layers are
described in Sections I, II, and III. Any changes in project mapping criteria
and/or the classification are described under the appropriate heading below. These changes are valid for all subsequent
ITUM mapping phases unless stated otherwise.
PHASE I:
Year Mapped: 1987
Field Verification: None
AIS Project Manager: Janet
Reyes
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment B. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1210 = Military Reservations.
This code corresponds to the 1211 Level IV code in the
classification.
1600 = Mixed Urban or Built-Up Land
This code usually represents older, inner-city areas
of row housing mixed with commercial and industrial land uses. Fieldverification is especially desirable in these areas.
1804 = Athletic Field (Schools)
This category was created to identify playgrounds and
athletic fields associated with schools.
2100 = Cropland and Pastureland
Some inactive agricultural fields may be mapped as
1700 or 4400.
2400 = Other Agriculture
That portion of farms that include a residence will be
coded as "residential". Agriculture buildings that do not include a residence
are coded as "other agriculture".
4210 =
This land cover category was mapped based on the
1:24,000 Pinelands Commission vegetation maps. Units were interpreted as 4310
or 4200 in areas lacking Commission map coverage.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
This category corresponds to the 433 and 434
categories in the OEA classification. Crown closure was not considered in the
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
This category corresponds to the 431 and 432
categories in the OEA classification. Crown closure was not considered in the
5100-5400 = Water Bodies
Delineations for the above water categories were
extracted from the USGS DLG hydrology file. Minimum resolution in the DLG file was
well below the ITUM resolution of 2 1/2 acres. These water bodies appear in all
of the other ITUM layers.
5500 = Cranberry Bog
This category was created to address situations in
which cranberry bogs identified on the USGS topographic quadrangle appeared as
bodies of standing water in the March 1986 photography. Since cranberry bogs
are covered by water on an intermittent basis, it was decided to utilize this
agricultural code, and to disregard the code of 5500 which was created during the
6220 = Coniferous Wooded Wetlands
These wetlands were mostly cedar swamps, but sometimes
consisted of pitch pine, based on information from the Pinelands Commission
maps.
6221 = Cedar Swamps
This category was created to differentiate between
cedar swamps and other coniferous wetlands. Cedar swamps were identified on the
Pinelands Commission vegetation maps.
7500 = Transitional Areas
If the interpreters were certain of the land use
associated with the structures being built or about to be built on transitional
land, the code pertaining to the future land use was assigned to the polygon.
If the interpreters had little or no certainty regarding the future land use,
the 7500 code was applied.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Camden County Soil Survey (1966). The soil data was recompiled to the 1:24,000
scale USGS topographic mylar
maps, not the orthophoto basemaps.
(This was a miscommunication between the parties involved and was not
subsequently repeated. All soils in the remaining counties were recompiled to
the orthophoto basemaps.) SCS
conducted a formal review of the soil recompilations. Areas of made land, sand and gravel pits, and
dumps were expanded or were added to the soil information to reflect conditions
seen in the 1986 imagery. Areas designated as gravel pits in the 1966 Soil
Survey but which were clearly a different land use in the 1986 photography were
coded as
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
PHASE II:
Year Mapped: 1988
Field Verification: None
AIS Project Manager: Ginger
May
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment C. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
In Mercer and Ocean counties, much of the brushland is composed of deciduous scrub oak woodland less
than 20 feet tall. These areas were mapped following the classification
definitions.
5100-5500 = Water Bodies
Water bodies were photo interpreted and those greater
than 1 1/2 acres were mapped. The delineated water bodies appear in all of the
ITUM layers.
5410 = Bay, Estuary
This category is an expansion of the Bay, Estuary
(5400) class and was created to include enclosed brackish water bodies within the
saline marshes along the protected coast in
5420 = Dredged Lagoons
This category was created to represent man-made canals
in harbor, residential, and marina areas.
5500 = Cranberry Bog
This category had been created to address situations
in which cranberry bogs identified on the USGS topographic quadrangle were observed
on the March 1986 photography. In Ocean county, cranberry bogs not containing
water in the imagery were labeled as "cranberry bogs" in the land use
layer but were not coded as "water" in the other ITUM layers. Since
cranberry bogs are covered by water on an intermittent basis, it was decided to
utilize this agricultural code, and to disregard the code of 5500 which was
created during the
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
In module 87 of Mercer county, tideland maps from the
source entitled LANDS SUBJECT TO INVESTIGATION FOR AREAS NOW OR FORMERLY BELOW
MEAN HIGH WATER were used to delineate areas in this category. Individual
tideland maps used include 476-1986, 483-1986, 483-1992, 490-1986, and
490-1992.
7000 =
This broad definition was used in some cases where
extractive mining had taken place but now appear to be inactive. Natural revegetation had not occurred nor had these sites been
further developed.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Mercer County Soil Survey (January 1972) and recompiled to the orthophotoquads SCS conducted a formal review of the soil recompilations.
A code of "UNK" for "Unknown" was used where:
1. A code had been omitted
from the original soil survey.
2. Conflicting codes appeared
on the survey, or
3. A water body no longer
exists.
Water bodies or portions of water bodies greater than
1 acre on the soil collateral that no longer exist on the orthophoto
are marked with an asterisk to indicate "no code". The SCS will need to
determine the soil code for these polygons.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. In
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped form the database due to minimum mapping criteria. In order to inform
the user of the existence of these inclusions of soil types in a background of
a dominant soil type, a one-digit item was added to the ITUM coverage. Listed
below are examples of dropped polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
-
Water polygons
dropped because they did not exist on new imagery were not marked as dropped
polygons.
PHASE II:
Year Mapped: 1988
Field Verification: None
AIS Project Manager: Ginger
May
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment C. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
In Ocean county, much of the brushland is composed of deciduous scrub oak woodland less
than 20 feet tall. These areas were mapped following the classification
definitions.
5100-5500 = Water Bodies
Water bodies were photo interpreted and those greater
than 1 1/2 acres were mapped. Most of the delineated water bodies appear in all
of the ITUM layers. There are occurrences in modules 100 and 101 of
5410 = Bay, Estuary
This category is an expansion of the Bay, Estuary
(5400) class and was created to include enclosed brackish water bodies within the
saline marshes along the protected coast in
5420 = Dredged Lagoons
This category was created to represent man-made canals
in harbor, residential, and marina areas.
5500 = Cranberry Bog
This category had been created to address situations
in which cranberry bogs identified on the USGS topographic quadrangle were observed
on the March 1986 photography. In Ocean county, cranberry bogs not containing
water in the imagery were labeled as "cranberry bogs" in the land use
layer but were not coded as "water" in the other ITUM layers. Since
cranberry bogs are covered by water on an intermittent basis, it was decided to
utilize this agricultural code, and to disregard the code of 5500 which was
created during the
7000 =
This broad definition was used in some cases where
extractive mining had taken place but now appear to be inactive. Natural revegetation had not occurred nor had these sites been
further developed.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Ocean County Soil Survey (April 1980) and recompiled to the orthophotoquads.
SCS conducted a formal review of the soil recompilations. A code of
"UNK" for "Unknown" was used where:
1. A code had been omitted
from the original soil survey.
2. Conflicting codes appeared
on the survey, or
3. A water body no longer
exists.
Water bodies or portions of water bodies greater than
1 acre on the soil collateral that no longer exist on the orthophoto
are marked with an asterisk to indicate "no code". The SCS will need to
determine the soil code for these polygons.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped form the database due to minimum mapping criteria. In order to inform
the user of the existence of these inclusions of soil types in a background of
a dominant soil type, a one-digit item was added to the ITUM coverage. Listed
below are examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil
inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
-
Water polygons
dropped because they did not exist on new imagery were not marked as dropped
polygons.
PHASE III:
Year Mapped: 1989-1990
Field Verification: None
AIS Project Manager: Ginger
May
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment D. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
2260 = Cranberry Bog
Since cranberry bogs are covered by water on an
intermittent basis, it was decided to utilize this agricultural code, and to disregard
the code of 5500 which was created during the
5500 = previously Cranberry Bog.
Not used in this project, see code 2260.
7600 = Undifferentiated
This code was created to encompass cleared areas that
do not fit into other Level II barren land categories. (This class negates the
need for the Level I class 7000).
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Burlington County Soil Survey (October 1971) and recompiled to the orthophotoquads. SCS conducted a formal review of the soil recompilations.
A code of "UNK" for "Unknown" was used where:
1. A code had been omitted
from the original soil survey.
2. Conflicting codes appeared
on the survey, or
3. A water body no longer
exists.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch between sheets a
straight line was drafted indicating the point of collateral mismatch. Gail
Carter of NJGS was the contact person for geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped form the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
-
Water polygons
dropped because they did not exist on new imagery were not marked as dropped
polygons. There were relatively few soil polygons below the mapping resolution
of 2.5 acres in
PHASE III:
Year Mapped: 1989-1990
Field Verification: None
AIS Project Manager: Ginger
May
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment D. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
2260 = Cranberry Bog
Since cranberry bogs are covered by water on an
intermittent basis, it was decided to utilize this agricultural code, and to disregard
the code of 5500 which was created during the
5500 = previously Cranberry Bog.
Not used in this project, see code 2260.
7600 = Undifferentiated
This code was created to encompass cleared areas that
do not fit into other Level II barren land categories. (This class negates the
need for the Level I class 7000). Polygons coded as "7000" in Ocean
and Mercer Counties should be changed to "7609". The ending digit of
"9" indicates that the polygons should be field verified to determine
the accurate lu/lc designation.
Soils
Soils were not mapped for the Hudson County ITUM. A
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer and
the marsh symbols and contour lines on the 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle, were
used to assist in the interpretation of flood prone areas. Where the collateral
did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted to
indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped form the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
-
Water polygons
dropped because they did not exist on new imagery were not marked as dropped
polygons.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to
correspond to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These
codes separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Middlesex County Soil Survey (April 1987) and recompiled to the orthophotoquads. SCS conducted a formal review of the soil recompilations.
This was the last county to be reviewed by SCS.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped form the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were notlisted
as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA classification.
Code 4310 used to correspond to codes
433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ DEP also added the
Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These codes separate the
4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312 were not
mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features, delineations
and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Monmouth County Soil Survey (April 1989).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to
correspond to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These
codes separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Bergen County Interim Soil Survey (January 1989).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to
correspond to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These
codes separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Cape May Soil Survey (February 1977).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to
correspond to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These
codes separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Gloucester County Soil Survey (June 1962).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class. Polygons coded as 4210
in previous ITUM projects will be reviewed by NJ DEP and recoded.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to
correspond to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These
codes separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
Soils were not mapped for the Essex County ITUM. A
soil survey was never compiled by the SCS as the county is heavily urbanized.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
Soil Inclusions were not mapped for
PHASE IV:
Year Mapped: 1992-1993
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
The land use/land cover classes described below
represent changes in criteria and/or the classification implemented during this
mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc
codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land cover
categories, see Attachment A.
1211 = Military Reservations
NJ DEP decided to use this Level IV code to map
Military Reservations. All polygons mapped as 1210 in previous ITUM projects
should be converted to 1211. The mapping criteria for Military Reservations
remained unchanged.
4210 =
Beginning with Phase IV, Pitch Pine Lowland Forests
will no longer be mapped as a separate land cover class.
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4310 used to correspond
to codes 433 and 434 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ DEP also
added the Level IV codes 4311 and 4312 to the classification. These codes
separate the 4310 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4311 and 4312
were not mapped for this ITUM effort.
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous Mixed
NJ DEP added this category to the USGS/OEA
classification. Code 4320 used to
correspond to codes 431 and 432 in the OEA; those codes will be eliminated. NJ
DEP also added the Level IV codes 4321 and 4322 to the classification: these
separate the 4320 category on the basis of crown closure. Codes 4321 and 4322 were
not mapped for this ITUM effort.
5000 = Water
Water was not mapped in the ITUM. Water features,
delineations and codes, will be clipped into the ITUM from the NJ DEP/USGS hydrology
coverage.
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled soil data on digital files
from which 1:24,000 scale mylar
plots were created. These plots were used as the primary thematic soil overlay
for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information. Gail Carter of NJGS was the
contact person for all geology questions.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch, a straight line
was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE V:
Year Mapped: 1993-1994
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled soil data on 1:24,000
hand-drawn mylar maps. These
maps were used as the primary thematic soil overlay for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE V:
Year Mapped: 1993-1994
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Warren County Soil Survey (April 1979).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE V:
Year Mapped: 1993-1994
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Atlantic County Soil Survey (April 1978).
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE V:
Year Mapped: 1993-1994
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
NJ DEP used
1461 = Wetland Rights of Way
2140 = Agricultural Wetlands
4110 = Deciduous
4120 = Deciduous
4210 = Coniferous
4220 = Coniferous
4230 =
4311 = Mixed with Coniferous
Prevalent, 10 - 50% Crown Closure
4312 = Mixed with Coniferous
Prevalent, >50% Crown Closure
4321 = Mixed with Deciduous
Prevalent, 10 - 50% Crown Closure
4322 = Mixed with Deciduous
Prevalent, >50% Crown Closure
4410 = Old Field, < 25%
Brush Covered
4420 = Deciduous Brush/Shrubland
4430 = Coniferous Brush/Shrubland
4440 = Mixed
Deciduous/Coniferous
6231 = Deciduous Brush and
Bog Wetlands
6232 = Coniferous Brush and
Bog Wetlands
6233 = Mixed Brush and Bog
Wetlands, Deciduous Prevalent
6234 = Mixed Brush and Bog
Wetlands, Coniferous Prevalent
6251 = Mixed Wooded Wetlands
with Deciduous Prevalent
6252 = Mixed Wooded Wetlands
with Coniferous Prevalent
7210 = Rock Faces, Rock
Slides, Cliffs
7220 = Exposed Rock
7430 = Altered Land Wet
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled soil data on 1:24,000
hand-drawn mylar maps. These
maps were used as the primary thematic soil overlay for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Water Features
Water features were clipped into the ITUM using the
USGS hydrology coverage.
Flood Prone
In previous mapping efforts, all lu/lc
wetland vegetation classes were coded as either a documented or interpreted
flood prone area on the flood prone overlay. However, during the
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were not marked also.
PHASE VI:
Year Mapped: 1993-1995
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer, as
well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation of
flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Soil Inclusion
Not mapped for
Water Features
A hybrid source was used consisting of the hydro
delineations from the FWW above the Upper Wetlands Boundary and the USGS topoquad derived delineations below the UWB.
PHASE VI:
Year Mapped: 1993-1995
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled interim soil data on
1:24,000 hand-drawn mylar
maps. The interim maps were used as the primary thematic soil overlays for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Water Features
A hybrid source was used consisting of the hydro
delineations from the FWW above the Upper Wetlands Boundary and the USGS topoquad derived delineations below the UWB.
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE VII:
Year Mapped: 1994-1995
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The soil codes and their meanings were taken from the
Sussex County Soil Survey (August 1975) and recompiled to orthophotoquads.
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Water Features
The Freshwater Wetlands delineations of water features
were used for the hydro coverage for
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE VII:
Year Mapped: 1994-1995
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled soil data on digital files
from which 1:24,000 scale mylar
plots were created. These plots were used as the primary soil overlay for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Water Features
A hybrid source was used consisting of the hydro
delineations from the FWW above the Upper Wetlands Boundary and the USGS topoquad derived delineations below the UWB.
Soil Inclusion During the preliminary ITUM soil layer
compilation and final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in
size were dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed
below are examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil
inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
PHASE VII:
Year Mapped: 1994-1995
Field Verification: Conducted
by Vince Attardi
AIS Project Manager: Lisa Cotterman
Land Use/Land Cover
There were no changes made to the land use/land cover classification
or mapping criteria during this mapping effort. For a complete list of the project lu/lc codes, see Attachment E. For further descriptions of the land use/land
cover categories, see Attachment A.
Soils
The SCS provided recompiled soil data on digital files
from which 1:24,000 scale mylar
plots were created. These plots were used as the primary soil overlay for
Geology
Primary bedrock, secondary bedrock and surficial geologic units were mapped from the 1:63,360
statewide geologic map series. Where the
collateral did not edgematch, a straight line was drafted
to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Flood Prone
Wetland areas from the land use/land cover layer,
floodplain soils, as well as the marsh symbol and contour lines on the 1:24,000
topographic quadrangle, were used to assist in the interpretation
of flood prone areas. Where the collateral did not edgematch,
a straight line was drafted to indicate the point of conflicting information.
Water Features
The Freshwater Wetlands delineations of water features
were used for the hydro coverage for
Soil Inclusion
During the preliminary ITUM soil layer compilation and
final integration process, soil polygons less than one acre in size were
dropped from the database due to minimum mapping criteria. Listed below are
examples of dropped soil polygons that were not listed as soil inclusions:
-
Soil polygons on
the soil survey that were incorporated into an expanded gravel pit soil or made
land soil were not marked as a soil inclusion.
-
End portions of
polygons that were not included due to integration were not marked as a soil
inclusion. Narrow portions of polygons that were not included due to resolution
or integration were also not marked.
ATTACHMENT A:
(Derived from: A Land Use and Land Cover
Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, U. S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 964, 1976; edited by NJDEP, OIRM, BGIA) (Note: For more detailed
information on Freshwater Wetlands, consult the digital FWW coverages;
for more detailed geology, consult the Cogeomap
project, NJGS).
1000 URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND
The Level 1 Urban or Built-up Land category is
characterized by intensive land use where the landscape has been altered by human
activities. Although structures are usually present, this category is not
restricted to traditional urban areas. Urban or Built-up Land Level II
categories include Residential; Commercial and Service; Industrial;
Transportation, Communication and Utilities; Industrial and Commercial
Complexes; Mixed Urban or Built-up; Other Urban or Build-up and Recreational.
Included with each of the above land uses are associated lands, buildings, parking
lots, access roads, and other appurtenances, unless these are specifically
excluded. Urban or Built-up Land takes precedence over other categories when
the criteria for more than one category are met. For example, recreational areas that have
enough tree cover to meet
1100 RESIDENTIAL
The residential category includes a single-family residences,
multiple-unit dwellings and mobile homes. Also included is the mixed
residential group, which is comprised of two or more of the above groups.
Residential areas are easily identified on aerial photographs by the shapes and
patterns of individual houses, housing developments and multiple dwelling (apartment
or condominium) complexes. They can also be identified by their proximity to
urban centers or roadways. Residential areas which are integral parts of other
land uses and located on the site of that land use are included in that land
use category. For example, residential units may be found on military bases or
on college campuses in the form of barracks, apartments or dormitories. These
residences would be mapped as their associated land use. Residential area
categories are based on density in terms of dwelling units per acre (DUPA). In
order to determine density at Level III mapping scale, an acre grid is placed
over residential areas on the photoquad base map and
the number of residential structures or portions of a structure is counted. An
average number of dwelling units per acre is determined and the area is mapped
accordingly. Multiple unit structures, such as 2 or 3- family homes, may be
included within single-unit residential areas since they are not extensive
enough to be mapped individually. Also, commercial areas too small to be mapped
separately may be found within residential areas.
1110 RURAL, SINGLE UNIT (<0.5 DUPA)
This Level III category contains single unit
residential areas with a density of less than or equal to 0.5 dwelling units
per acre. This type is found in sparsely populated regions surrounded by or
adjacent to forested or agricultural lands. Also included are estates or modern
sub-divisions with large lot sizes providing a density of less than or equal to
1 dwelling unit per 2 acres. These areas may have sufficient tree cover to
qualify for the Forestland category, but they are included in the Residential
category since the land is almost totally committed to residential use.
1120 Single Unit, Low Density (>0.5-2 DUPA)
This category contains single unit residential areas
with between 0.5 and 2 dwelling units per acre as found in some modern
subdivisions.
1130 Single Unit, Medium Density (>2-5 DUPA)
This category is comprised of single unit residential
areas of between 2 and 5 dwelling units per acre as commonly found in many
suburban residential areas.
1140 Single Unit, High Density (>5 DUPA)
This category contains single unit residential areas
of more than 5 dwelling units per acre. These areas are found in the densely
populated urban zones.
1150 Multiple Dwelling, Low Rise (3 stories or less)
This category contains residential areas of 2 and 3
family homes, row houses and garden apartments of up to 3 stories. These are generally found in the urban or
urban fringe areas of cities.
1160 Multiple Dwelling, High Rise (4 stories or more)
This category includes residential areas comprised of condominiums,
apartment complexes and towers of 4 stories or more, generally found in or near
urban areas. Multiple dwelling residences can be identified on aerial
photography by their size, height, construction pattern and the location of
driveways and parking lots.
1170 Mobile Home, Low Density (<6 DUPA)
This category includes residential areas comprised of
mobile homes with a density of less than 6 dwelling units per acre. This includes both stationary mobile homes on
foundations and mobile homes (and house trailers) on wheels that are capable of
being moved. Mobile homes can be identified on aerial photography by their
conspicuous size, shape, and pattern.
1180 Mobile Homes, High Density (>6 DUPA)
This category includes residential areas comprised of
mobile homes with a density of 6 or more dwelling units per acre. These areas are known as "mobile home
parks" and can be identified on aerial photographs by the characteristic arrangements
of structures. 1190 Mixed Residential The mixed residential category is used
for an area where various residential uses occur and the individual uses cannot
be separated at mapping scale. Where more than 1/3 intermixture
of another residential use or uses occurs in a specific area. It is
classified as Mixed Residential. Where the intermixture of other residential land use or uses total
less than 1/3 of the specific area, the dominant land use category is applied.
1200 COMMERCIAL & SERVICES
Areas which contain structures predominantly used for
the sale of products and services are classified as Commercial
and Services. The main building, secondary structures and supporting areas such
as parking lots, driveways and landscaped areas are also placed under this
category. Sometimes non-commercial uses such as residential or industrial
intermix with commercial uses making it difficult to identify the predominant
land use. These categories are not separated out; but, if they exceed 1/3 of
the total commercial area, the Mixed Urban category (16) is used. Often, specific uses of some commercial and
services buildings cannot be easily identified from photography alone. Some supplemental
information is required.
1201 Central Business District (CBD)
These are the "downtown" banking and
commercial centers of cities or towns where land use is largely
undifferentiated. Retail stores, banks,
office buildings, post offices, libraries, firehouses and courthouses are
examples of structures that may comprise a CBD. Some public land uses such as
schools and cemeteries are separated out into other categories if they are of a
mappable size. CBDs can
exist in any size city or town. Metropolitan CBDs can
be easily identified by their large number of high-rise buildings surrounded by
parking lots. They are usually easily accessed by interstate bypass routes.
Medium-size CBDs contain 3 and 4 story buildings
fronted by parking spaces. They are away from the main traffic intersections of
cities and often expand outward from railroad lines. Small town CBDs
contain 2 or 3 story buildings that line the streets and are in close proximity
to residential structures. They usually parallel main traffic arteries.
1202 Commercial Strip Development
This is the commercial activity developed along major highway
and access roads to cities and towns in a more or less single strip. Motel
accommodations, car dealers, fast food services, gas stations and other similar
goods and services establishments are examples that may comprise a Commercial
strip. Location of these building along a main vehicular transportation route
is the key criterion. Frequently, especially
in suburban areas, residential and industrial land uses intermix with
Commercial Strip Development. When these uses exceed 1/3 of the total contiguous
length of the Commercial Strip, the Mixed Urban category is used.
1203 Isolated Commercial Establishments for Goods
and/or Services
This category pertains to commercial establishments providing
goods and services for direct consumer use. Isolated single commercial buildings or
isolated cluster of commercial buildings that are not part of a Commercial
Strip Development or a well defined CBD are included in this category. These
buildings are distinguished from Isolated Commercial Office Buildings (1204)
because they provide goods and services for direct consumer use while 1204 does
not. Some examples are fast food services, dry cleaners, gas stations and
banks. Professional buildings that house medical offices, real estate brokers,
law firms and travel agents are included in this category as well.
1204 Isolated Commercial Office Buildings
This category pertains to scattered commercial
development, specifically commercial office buildings (not providing goods and
services for direct consumer use). Isolated single commercial buildings or
isolated clusters of commercial buildings that are not part of a Commercial
Strip Development or well defined CBD are included in this category. These
buildings are distinguished from the Isolated Establishments for Goods and
Services because they do not provide products and services directly to the consumer.
Buildings can house administrative and support staffs for large corporations or
staffs for several smaller businesses. These buildings can range in size from 2
to 3 stories to high-rise structures. When several Commercial Office Buildings
exist together and share common driveways, parking lots and lawns they are placed
in the industrial and
1205 Shopping Centers
A Shopping Center is a group of retail stores and
other commercial establishments planned, developed, owned and managed as a
unit, with off-street parking provided on the property. Shopping centers range
in size from those of just a few thousand square feet to plazas covering acres.
Key identification features are large and often interconnecting buildings
surrounded by well-paved parking lots located near interchanges and highways.
Retention ponds located on the property, if of a mappable
size are included in the
1206 Resorts, Hotels, Motels & Related facilities
These facilities usually associated with leisure time activities
contain over-night accommodations, dining facilities, services and recreational
activities. They range in size from converted farm houses to luxury resort hotels.
Features which help define them such as tennis courts, pools, golf courses, ski
slopes and well kept lawns and gardens are all included in the category. (These
features are included with the resort since they are private and not accessible
to non-paying guests). Hotels within urban areas are generally not mapped
separately because they are difficult to distinguish from other commercial buildings.
1207 Educational Institutions
This category includes all levels of public and
private schools, colleges, universities and training centers. All buildings,
campus open space, dormitories and parking areas are included. Not included are
recreational facilities such as ball fields, tennis courts, stadiums and
swimming pools. These recreational
facilities are included in Recreation (18) if they are of a mappable
size. Universities can often be identified by a maze of walk-ways linking
various buildings. Elementary and secondary schools are usually 1 or 2 story
buildings surrounded by recreational fields and located in residential areas
away from high traffic volumes. Any
educational activity associated with religious institutions involving parish
schools, seminaries, orphanages and novitiates, if of a mappable
size, are included in this category.
1208 Health Institutions
Any facility providing direct health care to the
public such as hospitals, mental health institutions, sanitariums, special care
centers, major clinics and nursing homes are included in this category. Some
identifiable features may include circular drives, covered main entrances,
multi-story buildings with wings, large parking lots and spacious grounds.
1209 Correctional Institutions
Prisons and rehabilitation centers make up this
category. They can be identified by high
walls and controlled access points. Topographic maps should be consulted to
make sure minimum security prisons are not over-looked. Land uses, such as
farmland or quarries associated with prisons are mapped separately according to
their appropriate lane cover/land use category.
1210 Government Centers
This category includes any state, regional, county or municipal
office buildings. They can range in size from 1 or 2 story buildings to
high-rise complexes. Any government office located in the CBD (1201) or along a
Commercial Strip(1202) is included in those categories
unless it is of a mappable size.
1211 Military Installations
Military bases and camps, armories, ordinance depots, missile
sites, National Guard and Reserve armories are included in this category.
Boundaries of major military installations are shown on the USGS Topographic
Maps and they are easily identified by fence lines and roads along their
perimeter. Military facilities have a wide variety of conditions including
training camps, missile sites, etc. Auxiliary land uses, particularly
residential, commercial and other supporting uses located on a military base
should be included in this category.
1212 Other Institutional
This category includes any other institutions not
included in the other categories. Some examples are churches, synagogues,
convents, special research facilities, medical research facilities not open to
the public, and social clubs associated with established organizations.
1213 Mixed Commercial & Services
This category is used when a mix of various commercial
uses and services exist and no one category predominates. When more than 1/3 of
one commercial use is mixed with another use this Mixed category is used. Where the intermixture total less than 1/3 then the dominant use is
mapped.
1300 INDUSTRIAL
This category encompasses a great variety of structure
types and land uses. Light and heavy industry are comprised of land uses where
manufacturing, assembly or processing of products takes place. Power generation
is included here because of its similarity to heavy industry.
1310 Light Industrial
Light industry deals with design, assembly, finishing,
packaging, and storing of products or materials which have usually been
processed at least once. These activities are characterized as
"clean", since they produce a relatively small amount of smoke and
other effluents, noise, and dust. Light industries include facilities for
administration, research, assembly, storage, warehousing, and shipping. Examples are electronics firms, trucking
companies, small textile mills, and auto assembly plants. Characteristic features
may include the nature of the buildings, parking and shipping arrangements, the
presence of outdoor storage facilities, trailer trucks, loading docks, rail
lines, power sources and smokestacks.
1320 Heavy Industrial
Heavy industry involves the processing of raw
materials such as iron ore, timber, petroleum or coal, or the fabrication and
assemblage of parts which are bulky and heavy. It is considered relatively
"dirty" since wastes such as smoke, slag, dust, and liquid effluent, as well as noise, are often generated. Examples of
heavy industry are steel, pulp, and lumber mills, oil refineries and tank
farms, chemical plants, and grain mills. Recognizable features include blast
furnaces, kilns, chemical processing towers, large chimneys or stacks, fuel
tanks, boiler house, transformer yards, silos, bins and piles and ponds of
water. Also included in this category are surface structures associated with
mining operations: loading devices,
trucks, access roads processing facilities, stock piles, and storage sheds.
1330 Power Generation
There are three main types of power generators:
thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric. Features common to all three types are the
presence of transmission lines and transformer yards, and often, proximity to
water. Both thermal and nuclear plants usually have cooling towers for used
water. Thermal plants often have associated coal piles and conveyor belts
leading to the main plants. Nuclear
plants have a characteristic nuclear reactor building. Hydroelectric plants are
usually at the dams of large reservoirs or impounded streams, or at an
elevation break on a watercourse. Typical features include a dam and trailraces.
1400 TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION & UTILITIES
The transportation, communication, and utilities land
uses are mainly associated with the other Urban or Build-up categories, but are
often found in other categories. However, they often do not meet minimum mappable size and are considered an integral part of the
land use in which they occur. The presence of major transportation routes,
utilities such as sewage treatment plants and power lines, and communications
facilities greatly influence both the present and potential uses of an area.
1410 Limited Access Highways
Limited access highway typically
contain at least two lanes in each direction, separated by a concrete
barrier or median strip. There are usually no cross streets or traffic lights,
and access is limited to ramps. Included in this category are right-of-ways,
interchanges, maintained hillsides, and service and terminal facilities.
Examples are interstates,
1420 Railroad Facilities
Railway facilities include railroads and spurs as well
as stations, parking lots, roundhouses, power generators, and repair and
switching yards. Spurs which connect industrial or extractive pick-up points
with main rail lines are included in the appropriate industrial or extractive category.
1430 Bus and Truck Terminals
Bus and truck terminals are characterized by long
buildings with truck trailers or buses adjacent to them. There are large paved
areas surrounding the garages, which are used for maneuvering and parking.
Terminals are often located in close proximity to major transportation routes.
1440 Airports
Airports are characterized by areas cleared of
vegetation and other obstructions, and the presence of long, linear runway
surfaces. They vary from rural grass landing strips to vast urban complexes. Typical
moderate to large-sized airports contain parallel primary runways, smaller
parallel taxi strips, intervening land, aircraft parking aprons, hangars,
terminals, service buildings, navigation aids, fuel storage areas, parking lots,
and limited buffer zones. This category also include heliports
and land associated with seaplane bases. It does not include small airports on
rotated farmland.
1450 Port Facilities
Seaports are isolated areas of high utilization with
no well-defined intervening connections. Included in this category are docks,
piers, shipyards, drydocks, locks, waterway control
structures, buildings, parking lots and adjacent water utilized by ships in the
loading or unloading of cargo or passengers.
1460 Power Facilities
Power facilities include power substations and
transmission line right-of-ways where the right-of-way is clearly visible on
aerial photography and not used for any other purpose. For example, transmission line right-of-ways
are clearly discernible where they traverse forest: there are no trees, and
vegetation growth is controlled through mowing or herbicides. Right-of-ways in agricultural land are
difficult or impossible to see because there is usually no demarcation from the
surrounding land. Additionally, the surrounding agricultural activity also
occurs in the right-of-way most of the time. thus a
right-of-way would be mapped as a power facility when traversing forest, but
would be mapped as a Level III agricultural category when traversing
agricultural land. On aerial photography, power substations appear as geometric
configuration with associated transformers and transmission lines. Those
associated with an industrial, commercial, or extractive land use are included
in that category.
1461 Wetland Rights-of-Way
Included in this category are rights-of-way that exist
in former
wetland areas, and which still exhibit evidence of soil saturation on the photography. Because of
alterations
associated with creating the rights-of-way, these areas may not support the typical natural wetland
vegetation found in adjacent unaltered
natural areas. They do, however, exist in areas shown on the US Soil
Conservation Service soil surveys to
have hydric soils, and exhibit the darker tonal signatures associated with saturated soils on
the photography. Colors of these areas will vary generally from blue-grey to
black on winter CIR film and dark grey to black on panchromatic film. Textures
will generally be smooth to slightly rough depending on whether the dominant vegetation
is low herbaceous species or taller shrubs.
1470 Water Treatment Facilities
Water treatment facilities consist of buildings with adjacent
circular or rectangular tanks. They are usually restricted to moderately-sized
towns and cities, rather than rural areas. Water treatment facilities and
sewage treatment facilities are often similar in appearance on aerial
photography. However, many water treatment facilities are upstream from the
community served, whereas the sewage treatment facilities are often downstream.
1480 Sewage Treatment Facilities
Sewage treatment plants are often adjacent to streams
or rivers. Identifiable features include an array of rectangular or circular
tanks for initial processing, settling and aeration, and associated low
buildings. Like water treatment facilities, they are usually restricted to moderately-sized
towns and cities rather than rural areas, where individual septic systems are
prevalent. Also included in this category are pumping stations, sewage mains,
and tertiary treatment fields.
1490 Other Transportation, Communication and Utilities
This category consists of related facilities not
included in any of the previous Level III categories. Included are radio,
radar, and television antennas, microwave stations, water towers, and
lighthouses. Towers include the land enclosed by guide wires. Fence-lines,
trimmed or mowed grounds, and access roads are associated with many of these facilities.
1500 INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES
The Industrial and Commercial Complexes category
includes those industrial and commercial land uses that typically occur together
or in close proximity. These areas are commonly referred to as "Industrial
or
1510 Industrial and
See category 15 for description. Clusters of commercial
office buildings that happen to exist side by side but do not share common
roadways and landscaped areas are included in the Isolated Commercial Office
building category (1204).
1600 MIXED URBAN OR BUILT-UP
This category includes those urban or built-up areas
for which uses cannot be separated into individual categories at the mapping
scale employed. Areas are identified under the mixed urban category when more
than one-third intermixture of another use or uses is evident. Uses considered in mixed urban include
primarily residential, commercial/service, industrial and transportation/communication/utility.
Not included in the category are areas considered part of a definable
commercial strip as described under 1202. In addition, open land which could be
classified for any agricultural uses would not be included in the mixed urban
category. Level 3 divisions of the Mixed
Urban category involve separating the mixed areas based on the predominant use
in the intermixture, if one is evident.
1610 - Predominantly Residential - (>50%, but
<66% of the usecan be identified as Residential).
1620 - Predominantly Commercial/Service - (>50%,
but <66% of the use can be identified as Commercial/Service).
1630 - Predominantly Industrial - (>50%, but
<66% of the use can be identified as Industrial).
1640 - Predominantly
Transportation/Communication/Utilities - (>50%, but <66% of the use can
be identified as Transportation/Communication/Utilities).
1650 - Heterogeneous Mixture - (No single use in the intermixture
comprises more than 50%).
1700 OTHER URBAN OR BUILT-UP
Undeveloped, open lands within urban areas that are
not associated with active commercial, industrial, service, transportation,
communications or utility facilities are included. Some structures may be
visible, as in the case of abandoned residential or commercial sites that have
not yet been redeveloped. Other areas may be only brush-covered. In addition,
areas that have been partially developed or redeveloped but remain unfinished
are included. Also appearing in this category are cemeteries.
1710 Cemeteries
These areas represent large tracts of primarily open
land within urban areas. Large cemeteries can be identified by layout of
driveways, lots, mausoleums and marking stones. Cemeteries associated with small towns,
individual churches or family estates may not be easily identifiable. Supplemental information is often needed to
identify these smaller cemeteries.
1720 Undeveloped Land Within
Urban Areas
Within this category are those areas generally
considered vacant lots. These areas may never have
been developed, or may represent formerly built-up that have been entirely or partially
cleared, but not redeveloped. Included would be abandoned manufacturing or
commercial sites that could be redeveloped. Areas within this category are
generally brush or grass-covered and may or may not be maintained. Buildings may be present, interspersed with
brush areas and concrete or black top.
1730 Inactive Land With
Street Patterns
This category represents areas for which development
or redevelopment was started, but which has been abandoned after some street
construction has been completed. No active development is visible. These areas
typically would support residential developments if completed, but some industrial
or commercial development may be found here. These areas generally have low vegetative
cover, possibly with sporadic trees and may or may not be maintained.
1740 Open Space Areas
Included in this category are miscellaneous open areas
within urban settings that do not fall into any of the other categories. Many
areas identified as 174 have planned and maintained feature, such as a central
lawn area within a suburban development, that provide
"open space" for the community. Some areas which are not maintained
may be included here. These latter areas may exhibit a variety of cover types
and may have under-gone some minor alterations or development. None of the
separate uses, however, meet the minimum polygon size. Together, if these uses
occur side by side, they constitute a definable open urban area.
1800 RECREATIONAL LAND
Under this category are included those areas which
have been specifically developed for recreational activities, if these areas
are open to the general public. Any facilities that are part of a resort
complex and open only to patrons of the hotel or motel are not mapped under
category 18, but under Commercial and Services category. Facilities mapped as
recreational land may charge user fees to the public, such as public golf
courses; or, they may be free to the public, such as ball fields on public school
grounds. Level III divisions of this category involve identifying the
predominant recreational uses of the areas.
1801 Golf Courses
All Par 3 courses and above are included, both public
and private, unless associated with a resort hotel/motel. Courses can be identified by greens, fairways,
sand traps, water hazards, club houses, and parking areas. Additional facilities
often associated with golf courses, such as tennis courts, pools, parking, etc.
are not identified separately but included in the 1801 category. Ponds and other
water bodies are, however, identified separately under the appropriate water
category if they meet minimum polygon size.
1802 Picnic and Camping Parks
This category includes areas which are set aside for picnicking
and camping specifically and associated activities (hiking, etc.). Commercial
and private tent and trailer campgrounds are included, unless they are part of
a resort complex. Any open areas associated with either picnicking or camping
areas that exceed one acre are mapped out under category 1809. Supplemental
information may be needed to identify picnic or camping areas in forested regions.
1803
Public and private facilities consisting of docks,
storage buildings, boat ramps, jetties, piers, and parking areas are included
in this category. Boats may or may not be visible because of photo scale.
Small, primarily state-owned launching sites will generally not be visible on
the small scale air photos.
1804 Community Recreation Areas
Included in this category are a variety of
recreational facilities which are not part of established parks, such as baseball
fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, and playgrounds. These may be
associated with schools. Industrial and
commercial firms, or a community housing development.
1805 Parks
City, town, county and state parks which are
maintained by a government agency are included in this category. What is actually
mapped in this category are park headquarters, parking lots and accessory
buildings. Open areas, swimming pools and beaches, golf courses, picnic and
camping facilities, etc. are mapped separately under their appropriate
category.
1806 Swimming Pools
Included are public and commercial facilities such as
swim clubs and city-operated pools. Pools associated with country clubs,
motels, resorts and private residences are not mapped. Support buildings and
parking areas are mapped in this category, as are any tennis courts, etc. which
may be associated with the pool.
1807 Swimming Beaches
These areas are specifically man-made beaches adjacent
to lakes or ponds, which have been developed for recreational activities.
Parking areas are included, but the water is identified under the appropriate
water category.
1808 Formal Lawns, Arboretums and Landscaped Areas
Included are landscaped areas that are associated with
facilities open to the public such as gardens. Similar areas associated with
private estates are not included within this category. Public facilities are
identifiable by general layout, associated roadways, parking areas, and support
buildings, all of which are mapped as part of 1808.
1809 Open Areas in Parks
This category includes any open area within a city,
town, county, or state park that meets minimum mapping polygon size and which
is not developed for any specific recreation activity.
1810 Stadium, Theaters, Cultural Centers, and Zoos
Included in this category is any entertainment
facility which is developed for public use. Stadiums, outdoor concert halls,
race tracks (horse and car), drive-in theaters, amusement parks, and zoos are
the primary facilities involved. Such facilities are primarily commercial,
although some public recreation areas may be found. Not included are similar
facilities on private property, such as horse tracks within private farms, that are open to the public. Parking areas,
driveways, and support buildings are mapped in this category.
1811 Other Recreational
Included are rifle, skeet, and archery ranges, ski and
winter sport areas, fairgrounds, etc. which do not fall into any of the above
categories. These areas often have conspicuous signatures, such as ski runs,
but form a small part of the land area of
2000 AGRICULTURAL LAND
This Level I category includes all lands used
primarily for the production of food and fiber and some of the structures associated
with this production. These areas are easily distinguished from the other
categories and represent a significant land use in
2100 CROPLAND AND PASTURELAND
This Level II category contains agricultural lands
managed for the production of both row and field crops and for the grazing of
cattle, sheep and horses. Also included in this category are croplands left
fallow or planted with soul improvement grasses and legumes. Cropland and
pastureland can easily be distinguish from other land
uses with small scale imagery.
2110 Harvested Cropland
This category contains agricultural areas which are
managed for the production of harvested row or field crops. These include row
crops, such as corn, soybeans, cabbage, and potatoes; or field crops
predominately used as forage, such as hay or alfalfa. Row crops are easily
identified on imagery because of the striations and the regular patterns. However, there are problems distinguishing
between field crops, such as hay or winter wheat, from pastureland. Pastureland
can be distinguished because of its close association with farm structures such
as barns or feeding stations. Also, pastureland usually has a slightly more mottled
or uneven tone than the photographic signature of field crops.
2120 Pastureland
This category contains agricultural areas which are
managed as pasture areas for livestock grazing. These areas may be either
permanent pastures or tillable cropland which is used as pasture at the time of
photography. The identification problems using imagery alone are discussed in
Section 2110. Identification of
pastureland, field cropland, and inactive cropland may require field
verification or other supplemental information. Pasture may be covered by some brush
but are included in 2120 if the predominant use is for pasture.
2130 Inactive Cropland
This category contains agricultural areas which have
no physical indication of present agricultural use. These areas include both
abandoned cropland and fields left fallow or planted in soil-improving grasses
and legumes. An indication of inactive cropland is the presence of any woody stems
in the field. The area is placed in the Brushland category
if the woody stems cover is abundant and the field appears to be abandoned
rather then left fallow for soil improvement. An area is placed in Brushland as either Old Field (4410) or Brush/Shrubland (4430,4440) depending on
the percentage of brush cover.
2140 Agricultural Wetlands
Included in this category are cultivated lands which are modified former
wetland areas, and which still exhibit evidence
of soil saturation on the photography. These lands will exhibit the textural signature
characteristics described for the other
agricultural categories, but will have
darker color and tonal signatures. Colors will range from blue-grey to black on
winter CIR film and dark grey to black on panchromatic film. In
addition, these agricultural wetlands also exist in areas shown on
soil surveys of the US Soil Conservation Service to have hydric
soils.
2200 ORCHARDS, VINEYARDS, NURSERIES AND HORTICULTURAL
AREAS
This Level II category contains agricultural areas
which are intensively managed for production of fruits, trees, ornamental plants,
and vegetable seedings. Wholesale greenhouse
where plants are grown are also included in this category. Retail greenhouses
are included with the appropriate Commercial and Services category. Orchards,
nurseries, cranberry farms and blueberry farms can be identified on small scale
photography. However, the recognition of
vineyards, sod and seed farms, and commercial greenhouses sometimes requires
supplemental information.
2210 Orchards
This category contains agricultural areas which are intensively
managed as commercial orchards. Established orchards are easily recognized on
the imagery by the regular grid patterns of the planted trees. Newly planted
orchards are more difficult to identify, but the signature can be distinguished
from adjacent cropland.
2220 Vineyards
This category contains agricultural areas of
intensively managed vineyards. These areas can be recognized by a "cross-hatched"
pattern cause by the Vines trained on wires and the poles used for support
which form perpendicular lines.
2230 Nurseries
This category is comprised of areas which are
intensively managed for commercial or private nurseries. Nurseries can be
recognized as narrow fields with very regular and definite rows. The colors are
usually darker in tones than other cropland. Different shades and tones are
present in adjacent fields due to the different stages of seedlings or saplings
planted. These shades and tones in the narrow fields present a different
signature from other agricultural areas. Christmas tree farms are included in
this category.
2240 Floriculture
This category contains areas occupied by wholesale
producers of flowers, nursery stock, produce, and vegetable seedlings. These areas consist of large greenhouse
operations and the associated land and buildings. Retail greenhouse should be included
in a Commercial and Services category. Retail greenhouses can be distinguished
from wholesale greenhouse operations by their size, amount of associated land, available
customer parking and general location. Hobby greenhouse associated with private
homes will not by mapped.
2250 Sod and Seed Farms
This category contains commercial sod and seed farms.
These areas can be identified on the color infrared (CIR) imagery by an
even-tone deep red signature. This signature is similar to a well maintained
golf course, but is a deeper shade of red (Note: red on CIR represents green in
true color). These operations are usually substantial in size, occupying more
than 50 acres. When harvesting procedures are in progress, the signature may
exhibit some strips of bare ground. These sod farms are often located near potential
markets.
2260 Cranberry Farms
This category is comprised of intensively managed
cranberry farms primarily located in southern
2270 Inactive
This one category is used to represent lands occupied
by abandoned or inactive orchards, vineyards, nurseries, and cranberry and
blueberry farms. For orchards, vineyards, and nurseries, the inactive signature
appears similar to the active signature, except the patterns will be less
regular. Natural vegetation growing in
the abandoned areas will cause irregular patterns and differing textures in the
signature. In some cases, the trees may
be removed and earlier photography or supplemental information may be necessary
to place the area in this category. Inactive cranberry and blueberry farms may
be difficult to distinguish from the Wetlands Brushland/Bog
areas.
2280 Blueberry Farms
This category is comprised of intensively managed
blueberry farms primarily located in southern
2300 CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS
This Level II category contains specialized livestock
and poultry production enterprises and other specialty farms. These operations have high populations in
relatively small areas, resulting in a concentration of waste material. Since this concentrated animal waste is a
critical environmental concern, these areas warranted a specific Level II
category. Normal structures [barns] associated with a farmstead are not mapped
in this category.
2310 Cattle and Swine Feedlots
This category contains mainly beef cattle feedlots and
hog farms. Structures and attached corrals will be mapped in this category, but
any substantial acreage of associated pasture will be mapped as Pastureland.
2320 Poultry Farms
This category is comprised of chicken, turkey, and
duck production enterprises. These farms may be for either egg or meat
production.
2330 Specialty Farms
This category contains specialized farms, such as game
farms [pheasant or quail], fish hatcheries, goat farms, pigeon-raising areas,
and rabbit production farms.
2400 OTHER AGRICULTURE
This category contains other miscellaneous
agricultural areas.
2410 Experimental Agriculture Fields
This category contains experimental crop areas
associated with agriculture research stations, universities, or industries.
These areas are for research purposes and contain many different crops in one
field.
2420 Isolated Structures for Crop or Equipment Storage
This category contains storage buildings which are not
adjacent to the farmsteads. These areas include isolatedgrain
silos, crop storage sheds, and sheds for storage of farm
machinery.
2430 Horse Farm
This category contains specialized farms for raising
and training horses. This includes horse barns, corrals, and training race
tracks. The oval training race tracks are easily recognized on aerial
photography. Extensive acreage of pasture associated with a horse farm are mapped as Pastureland (2120).
3000 RANGELAND
Rangeland is not found in
4000 FORESTLAND
This Level I category contains any lands covered by
woody vegetation other than wetlands. These areas are capable of producing
timber and other wood products, and of supporting many kinds of outdoor
recreation. Forestland is an important category environmentally, because it
affects air quality, water quality, wildlife habitat, climate, and many other
aspects of the ecology of an area. The Level II categories under Forestland are
Deciduous; Coniferous; Mixed Deciduous-Coniferous; and Brushland.
4100 DECIDUOUS
This Level II category includes forested lands that
contain deciduous tree species. The average height of the stand is at least 20
feet. Areas with woody vegetation less than 20 feet high should be placed in
the Brushland category. A forest stand must have at
least 75% canopy coverage from deciduous tree species to be placed in this
category. Deciduous trees are those species which lose their leaves at the end
of the growing season. These trees remain leafless throughout the winter and
sprout new leaves the following spring.
4110 Deciduous, 10-50% Crown Closure
This category contains deciduous forest stands that
have crown closure greater than 10%, but less than 50%. Crown closure is the
percentage of a forest area occupied by the vertical projections of tree
crowns. Crown closure percentages provide a reasonable estimate of stand
density. An ocular estimate of percent crown closure is made while viewing the
area stereoscopically. The ocular judgement is a
reliable estimate since the category levels for closure are relatively broad:
10-50% and > 50%. This procedure will also be followed to determine percent
crown closure in the other categories.
4120 Deciduous > 50% Crown Closure
This category contains deciduous stands with crown
closures greater than 50%. The majority of the deciduous forests in
4200 CONIFEROUS
This Level II category includes forested lands which
contain coniferous tree species. The stand must be 20 feet high and must be
stocked by at least 75% conifers to be labeled as a coniferous stand. Coniferous
species are those trees commonly known as evergreens. They do not lose their leaves (needless) at
the end of the growing season but retain them through the year. Conifers can easily
be distinguished from deciduous trees on wintertime color infrared photography
because of their high infrared reflectance due to their leaf retention.
4210 Coniferous, 10-50% Crown Closure
This category contains natural coniferous stands with
crown closure> 10%, but less than 50%.
4220 Coniferous, > 50% Crown Closure
This category contains natural coniferous stands with crownclosure > 50%.
4230
This category contains conifer stands which have been artificially
planted. These include stands planted for timber harvesting or aesthetics.
Crown closure estimates will not be determined for plantations. Plantations
appear as uniform blocks (usually rectangular) of conifers. Other planted
stands of conifers, such as Christmas tree farms, will not be included in this
category but in the nursery category under Agriculture.
4300 MIXED DECIDUOUS/CONIFEROUS
This Level II category consists of forested areas
where there is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees. If less than 75% of
the forest is dominated by either type then the stand is placed in the mixed
category. Only forest stands greater than 20 feet in height will be placed in
this category.
4310 Mixed with Coniferous Prevalent (> 50%
Coniferous)
This category contains stands of mixed coniferous and deciduous
trees. The percentage of coniferous trees is higher than the deciduous (>50%
of the stand) but the coniferous species do not dominate the stand ( <75%).
4311 Mixed with Coniferous Prevalent (10%-50% Crown
Closure)
This category contains stands of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees
with the coniferous species > 50% and with crown closures between 10% and 50%.
4312 Mixed with Coniferous Prevalent (> 50% Crown
Closure)
This category contains stands of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees
with the coniferous species > 50% and with crown closures > 50%.
4320 Mixed with Deciduous Prevalent (> 50%
Deciduous)
This category contains stands of mixed deciduous and coniferous
trees. The percentage of deciduous trees is higher than the coniferous (>
50%), but the deciduous species do not dominate the stand (< 75%).
4321 Mixed with Deciduous Prevalent (10%-50% Crown
Closure)
This category contains stands of mixed deciduous and coniferous
trees with the deciduous species > 50% and crown closures between 10% and
50%.
4322 Mixed with Deciduous Prevalent (> 50% Crown
Closure)
This category contains stands of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees
with the deciduous species > 50% and crown closures > 50%.
4400 BRUSHLAND/SHRUBLAND (Height<20 feet)
This Level II category contains forest lands which are
predominately between 0 and 20 feet in height. Vegetative communities in these
areas may range from early successional species which
are only a few years old, to climax or sub-climax communities which are many
years old. Also included in this category are old fields which are covered
primarily by grasses and some shrubs. Brushland areas
represent critical habitat for many species of wildlife in
4410 Old Field (<25% Brush Covered)
This category includes open areas which have less than
25% brush cover. The predominate cover in these areas
is grasses with many tree seedlings or saplings present. Old fields are
distinguished from inactive farmland (2130) by the amount of brush cover. If a
field contains few woody stems (<5%), it should be placed in the inactive
farmland category. An area should be placed in the Old Field category if the
amount of brush cover requires extensive brush removal before plowing.
4420 Deciduous Brush/Shrubland
(>25% Brush Covered with Deciduous Species Predominant > 75%)
This category contains natural forested areas with
deciduous species less than 20 feet in height. An area must have greater than
25% brush cover to be placed in this category. This category also contains inactive
agricultural areas which have been grown over with brush. There are
photographic signature differences between brushland
and the pole or saw-timber stage trees (Categories 4100, 4200, 4300). Besides
the obvious height difference visible on stereo viewing, larger trees display
much larger crown diameters than brushland areas.
4430 Coniferous Brush/Shrubland
(>25% Brush Covered with Coniferous Species Predominant > 75%).
This category contains natural forested areas with coniferous
species less than 20 feet high. This category is for natural areas; therefore,
Christmas tree farms should be placed in the Nursery category (223).
4440 Mixed Deciduous/Coniferous Brush/Shrubland (>25% Brush Covered with a Mixture of
Deciduous Coniferous Species; <75% of One Type)
This category contains natural forested areas less
than 20 feet in height with a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees.
5000 WATER
All areas within the landmass of
5100 STREAMS & CANALS
This category includes river, creeks, canals and other
linear water bodies which have a minimum width of 80 feet. For water courses (WC) interrupted by control
structures, the impoundments are placed in other appropriate water categories
(see below), and the impoundment structures are included in the Urban or
Built-up category. Remote sensing of these features is not difficult. Colors on
infrared photography range from light blue to black, and on the black &
white photography the tones range from medium gray to black. The signature can
be smooth or rippled depending on the conditions at the time of the
photography. The greatest difficulty occurs when overhanging vegetation or
shadows obscure the extent of the WC.
5110 Streams
This category includes streams which are no less than
80 feet wide. These features are easily recognized on aerial photography
because of their meandering pattern and variable width due to natural fluvial
processes. Short distances of WC constriction which fall under the minimum
width standard may be included for the sake of continuity. The photographic
characteristics of streams are much too numerous and obvious to list. Specific
comments on signature and problems are discussed under category 5100.
5120 Canals
This feature may be no less than 80 feet wide and like
streams is easily recognized on aerial photography. Canals are consistent in
width, do not meander, are sometimes bordered by a tow-path and often utilize a
lock system. Along the length of the
canal are found clusters of buildings which formerly serviced the canal track
when it was a transportation entity. In
5200
Water bodies larger than three acres that are non flowing and naturally enclosed, including regulated
natural lakes but excluding reservoirs, are placed in this category. Islands
less than three (3) acres are included in the water area. To identify this
feature accurately, it is important to remember natural lakes are the results
of ground water seepage and surface run-off of precipitation, whereas
reservoirs are the result of man-made impoundments and are maintained primarily
by linear WCs. Remote sensing of this feature, once again is simple. The
signatures and attendant problems are discussed under category 5100.
5210
These features have an areal range of one (1) to two
(2) acres. confer with category 52.
5220
These features have an areal range of two (2) to ten
(10) acres. Confer with category 5200.
5230 Large Lakes
These features will be greater than ten (10) acres in
area. Confer with category 5200.
5300 ARTIFICIAL LAKES & RESERVOIRS
Artificial impoundments of water larger than three (3)
acres used for irrigation, flood control, municipal water supplies, recreation,
landscaping and hydro-electric power or the result of an active extractive
operation are included in this category. Dams, bulkheads, spillways and other water
control structures should be evident and are critical for accurately
identifying these features. Also important to remember is that artificial lakes
and reservoirs are charged primarily through linear WCs. Photo identification should key on the
non-linear shapes of these features, the water control structures, and the
signatures discussed in category 5100.
5310 Artificial Lakes
Water bodies one acre or larger are
included in this category. Since
the primary use for these artificial lakes is recreation, some recreational
characteristics such as beaches, refreshment stands, parking lots, boat slips,
etc. should be present. Frequently, residential development approaches the lake
shoreline. Aerial interpretation is discussed under category 5300.
5320 Multiple Use Reservoirs
Water bodies of one acre or larger
are included in this category. The
two most common combinations are flood control/recreation and
hydro-electric/recreation. As in category 5310, the recreational and water
control characteristics should be present and obvious. In addition, if the
water body is used for flood control, the water level should be well below the
maximum capacity, and, if the water body is used for hydro-electric purposes,
the generating station should be present. Confer with category 53 for more specific
identification information.
5330 Restrictive Use Reservoirs
Once again the minimum size of this feature is one
acre. Most restricted use reservoirs are
municipal water supplies. Thus, they are
located in more remote, less trafficked areas of the state. They are
characterized by limited road access and dense surrounding vegetation. No
recreational characteristics should be present. Confer with category 5300 for
more specific identification information.
5400 BAYS, ESTUARIES & OTHER TIDAL WATERS
This category is comprised of salt water inlets and
arms of the sea that extend inland and fall within the land mass of
5410 Bays & Estuaries
Like all Level III features this one also must be at
least one acre. Bays and estuaries have many obvious characteristics which make
identification simple. Most important is their close proximity to the open sea.
Next the presence of barrier beaches, shallow water and marine vegetation
assure the identification. In addition, the myriad of fishing and recreation
industry characteristics confirm the identification.
5420 Dredged Lagoon, Artificial
Artificial dredged lagoons are networks of rectangular
dredged areas, containing water, usually associated with residential
development or mobile home development. Dredged lagoon are
generally in sites of former wetlands and have characteristically bulkheaded shorelines. They usually feed into a central
dredged waterway which gives access to open tidal water.
6000 WETLANDS
The wetlands are those areas that are inundated or
saturated by surface or ground waters at a frequency and duration sufficient to
support vegetation adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Included in
this category are naturally vegetated swamps, marshes, bogs and savannas which
are normally associated with topographically low elevations but may be located at
any elevation where water perches over an aquiclude.
Wetlands that have been modified for recreation, agriculture, or industry will
not be included here but described under the specific use category. The
wetlands of
6100 COASTAL WETLANDS
These areas are associated with the tidal portions of
the Delaware River system and the tidal portions of the watercourses draining
into the
6110 Saline Marshes
These are open graminoid
dominated regions associated with waters with salinities >1 part per
thousand (0/00). Saline marshes are generally dominated by two growth forms of Spartina alterniflora in regions
with the highest salinities. Marshes flowed by water less than 10 0/00 are generally
brackish and co-dominated by Spartina cynosuroides, S. alterniflora, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and Scirpus pungens. Marshes
exhibiting these characteristics are restricted to the Delaware Bay and
associated tributaries downstream of
6120 Freshwater Tidal Marshes
These marshes are co-dominated by annual and perennial
herbaceous vegetation on substrates associated with tidal waters with
salinities less than 1 0/00. Freshwater marsh species are characterized by Nuphar lutea, Peltandra
virginica, Pontederia cordata, Zizania aquatica, Polygonum punctatum, Bidens laevis, and Typha latifolia. Marshes exhibiting this cover are found on the
tidal Delaware River and tributaries downstream of
6130 Vegetated Dune Communities
These are areas near the coast that are between saline
marsh and open beach. The dominant vegetation can be Ammophila
breviligulata, Prunus maritimus, Rhus radicans, Juniperus virginicus, and Acer rubrum. The
areas have open to partly closed canopied signatures that are rough in texture
and exhibit a red to red brown color on summer infrared photographs.
6200 INTERIOR WETLANDS
These are generally found in non-tidal lowlands
associated with primary, secondary and tertiary watercourses, and isolated wetlands.
Included under this heading are all forested wetland (regardless of tidal
influences) dominated by deciduous and coniferous trees, and non-tidal
herbaceous marshes and savannas.
6210 Deciduous Wooded Wetlands
These wetlands are closed canopy swamps dominated by deciduous
trees normally associated with watercourses, edges of marshes, and isolated
wetlands. The important canopy species includes Acer rubrum,
Nyssa sylvatica, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Salix nigra, Quercus bicolor, Q. phellos, Q. falcata, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Platanus occidentalis. These
species combine to form a series of mixed hardwood lowland habitats throughout
the entire state. These species have photographic signatures that exhibit
height, rough texture, and are dark blue-gray to dark gray or black on winter
infrared, and gray to dark gray on panchromatic film.
6220 Coniferous Wooded Wetlands
These wetlands are closed canopy, dominated by
coniferous tree species associated with watercourses, seeps, and low topographic
land. The northern areas will support Tsuga canadensis, Larix laricina, and Picea mariana as monotypic stands or mixed communities. The
southern portion of the State has Pinus
rigida and P. taeda in
monotypic communities or co-dominate with Acer rubrum.
Other species such as Nyssa sylvatica and Chamaecyparis thyoides may also
be present. These species have photographic signatures that are varied in
texture and are red to dark red on winter infrared film and dark gray to black
on winter panchromatic film.
6221 Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands
These wetlands are predominantly closed canopy, seasonally flooded
wetlands of southern
6230 Brush-Dominate and Bog Wetlands
These wetlands are dominated by woody species which
are less than 20 feet tall. These areas may be an early successionary stage to wetland dominated by canopy species or
a shrub dominate community associated with marshes, isolated wetlands or
bogs. The brush category will include communities composed of young saplings
such as Acer rubrum, Acer negundo,
Liquidambar styraciflua, and areas dominated by shrub
species such as Cornus amomum,
C. stolonifera, C. racemosa,
Spirea alba, S. tomentosa, Viburnum dentatum, and Alnus serrulata. Bogs are Ericaceae
dominated and highly acidic, normally associated with glacial areas in the
north and pingoes or river ox bows in the south. Some
bogs may also contain herbaceous vegetation that is unique to these habitats
yet classified by this system as 6240, non-tidal marsh. The photographic signature for those cover types vary. The brush-dominated
areas will have a similar signature as 6210 with more space and smaller
stature. The bog areas will be round to oval, low topographically and normally
separated from major watercourses. The color seen on winter infrared
photographs will be dark blue-gray to black and dark gray to black on the
panchromatic films.
6231 Decidous Brush and Bog
Wetlands
This brush category will include communities composed primarily of
young samplings of deciduous tree species such as Acer rubrum,
A. negundo, Liquidamber stryaciflua, Alnus serrulata, Cornus stolonifer, and C. amomum; and
woody shrubs such as Vaccinium corymbosum,
V. macrocarpon, Spirea alba,
Viburnum dentatum, Rosa palustris, Myrica
6232 Coniferous Brush and Bog Wetlands
This brush category will include communities composed primarily of
young samplings of coniferous tree species such as Pinus
rigida, Larix larcinia, Tusga canadensis, and Picea mariana, and shrubs such as Chamaedaphne
calyculata, and Kalmia angustifolia.
6233 Mixed Brush and Bog Wetlands with Deciduous
Dominant Included in this category are brush and bog wetlands with a mixture of deciduous and coniferous species,
with the deciduous species > 50% but
< 75%. Species will be similar to those described under 6231 and 6232.
6234 Mixed Brush and Bog Wetlands with Coniferous
Dominant
Included in this category are brush and bog wetlands
with a mixture
of deciduous and coniferous species, with the coniferous species > 50% but < 75%.
Species will be similar to those described under 6231 and 6232.
6240 Non-Tidal Marshes
These are wetlands dominated by various herbaceous
species that are not connected or associated with tidal waters.
6250 Mixed Wooded Wetlands
Included in this category are wetlands inhabited by
mixtures of deciduous and coniferous species. Species of each type will be
similar to those identified under 6210 and 6220. The dominate type of vegetation will generally
be greater than 50% but less than 75%.
6251 Mixed Wooded Wetland with Deciduous Prevalent
This category contains mixed wooded wetlands with the deciduous tree
species > 50 % but < 75%.
6252 Mixed Wooded Wetlands with Coniferous Prevalent
This category contains mixed wooded wetlands with the coniferous tree
species > 50% but < 75%.
7000
Barren lands are characterized by thin soil, sand or
rocks and a lack of vegetative cover in a non-urban setting. Vegetation, if present, is widely spaced.
Barren land such as beaches and rock faces are found in nature but also result
as a product of man's activities. Extraction mining operations, landfills and
other disposal sites compose the majority of man- altered barren lands.
7100 BEACHES
Beaches are predominantly composed of sand and may
occur at the land-water interface of oceans, bays and estuaries. Beaches are
generally-relatively elongated non-vegetated buffering systems subject to the
action of waves and tides.
7110
The open beach potentially includes the sandy area
from mean low water (MLW) of the foreshore to the berm
crest and the backshore. The open beach is characterized by sparse vegetative
cover. Other substrate types may be intermixed with sand, including pebbles,
stones, silts and shells.
7120 Unvegetated Dune
Communities
Unvegetated dune communities are comprised of areas with sparse
vegetative cover, with sand substrate and with notable changes in elevations.
These areas have a wind- driven origin and vary in size and shape. Dunes are
found in coastal areas near large sources of sand. Vegetated dune areas are
included in the Wetland categories.
7130 Other
This category includes natural areas which have been
sandy for long periods of time and perturbed areas which have been sandy and
for which no known land use is evident.
7200 BARE EXPOSED ROCK, ROCK SLIDES, ETC.
Areas lacking vegetation and composed of rock or rock
faces are included in this category. Exposed rock from highway construction is
not included in this category.
7210 Rock Faces, Rock Slides, Cliffs
This category includes rock faces on mountains, rock
slides and cliffs which are sparsely vegetated. These exposed types have a
large vertical component.
7220 Exposed Rock
Areas consisting of exposed bedrock or other
accumulation of rocks lacking vegetative cover are included. These areas have a
small vertical component compared to rock faces, etc.
7300 EXTRACTIVE MINING
Extractive operations include a wide variety of mining
activities, both surface and subsurface. Included are stone quarries, gravel,
sand and clay pits, and limestone quarries to mention a few. Extractive
industries are characterized by disturbed ground usually with depth, extractive
machinery, buildings and roads for and with heavy equipment. Open mining areas
frequently contain water. Extractive mining areas may be large as stone
quarries or small as borrow pits.
7310 Stone Quarries
Stone quarries are characterized by right-angled rock cleavage,
flat terraces, and straight vertical walls. Drill stands, air compressors and
similar extractive machinery and buildings may be visible.
7320 Sand and Gravel Pits (Borrow Pits)
Sand and gravel pits have curved borders and sloping
walls. They often lack the vertical
relief of quarries and do not generally have exposed rock associated with them.
Steam shovels, bulldozers, and mechanical loaders are associated with these tow
types of extraction. Sand pits may have water and consequently, dredging
equipment associated with them. Sand and gravel pits show wide variability in
size.
7330 Other Mining
Other types of mining are characterized by disturbed
ground with depth, slag heaps, shafts, buildings, and active transportation
(trucks, roads for heavy machinery, railways).
7340 Abandoned Mining Sites
Abandoned operations are often partially vegetated and
may be accompanied by machinery, roads and buildings in disrepair. When
vegetation dominates the site, the parcel is characterized by cover type. In
contrast, active operations show evidence of operational equipment and buildings,
roads for heavy machinery, etc. Current mining activity is not always
distinguishable, and inactive, unclaimed and active strip, mines, quarries
barrens pits and gravel pits are included in this category, until other cover or
use is established.
7400 ALTERED LANDS
Altered lands are areas outside of an urban setting
that have been changed due to man's activities other than for mining.
7410 Solid Waste Disposal Areas
Junkyards, open dumps, landfills and incinerators
compose the majority of solid waste disposal sites. Junkyards are collection of
old automobiles, machinery or other vehicles. Larger junkyards are fenced and have regular
stacking and placing of debris, with well-defined access roads. Older abandoned
yards may be vegetated and difficult to detect. Open dumps and sanitary
landfills are usually located in abandoned pits, low-lying areas or other areas
of low economic importance. They are characterized by steep banks, white
fringes of expose debris, rough texture and lack of vegetation. Larger
dumps/landfills are fenced and generally have one heavily-used access road.
7420 Dredge Material Disposal Sites
Dredge material disposal sites are barren areas
separated from other land forms by dikes. Inside the rectangular dike systems
are fine grained sands and silts either deposited in piles but more likely
forming a slurry with varying amounts of water within
the dike system. Old dredge material site may appear as landfills with steep
sides and rough texture but without exposed debris or signs of active
management.
7430 Disturbed Wetlands
Included in this category are former natural wetlands which have
been altered by some form of clearing, leveling, grading, filling and/or excavating, but which
still exhibit obvious signs of soil
saturation on the imagery. Because of the alterations, these areas do not
generally support typical wetlands vegetation, and may in fact be unvegetated. They do, however, exist in areas shown on the US
Soil Conservation Service soil surveys to have hydric
soils, and exhibit the darker tonal signatures associated with saturated soils
on the photography. Colors of these areas will vary from grey to blue-grey to
black on winter CIR film and grey to black on panchromatic film.
7500 TRANSITIONAL AREAS
This category encompasses lands on which site
preparation for a variety of development types has begun. However, the future
land use has not been realized. Included are residential, commercial and
industrial areas under construction. Also, areas which are under construction
for unknown use and abandoned structures are included. These areas are usually
sparsely vegetated. Transitional Areas
7510 Single Unit Residential Under Construction
7520 Multiple Unit Residential
Under Construction
7530 Commercial/Service Under
Construction
7540 Industrial Under
Construction
7550 Transportation/Communication/Utilities Under Construction
7560 Industrial/Commercial Parks Under
Construction
7570 Unknown Use Under
Construction
7580 Abandoned Structures (Non-Urban)
7600 UNDIFFERENTIATED
Undifferentiated barren lands encompass cleared lands
that have no apparent site preparation nor any
indication of past activities. Such areas vary in shape and size but generally possess
little vegetation, exposing the soil or surface material only. Ancillary
information also gives no indication of former uses.
ATTACHMENT
B: Phase I Land Use/Land Cover Classification,
The classification was based on one developed by the
OEA/USGS for land use/land cover mapping of the Hightstown quadrangle along with
modifications made during the Camden County pilot. The expanded classification
mostly corresponds to Level II in the USGS land use/land cover classification
scheme. Some Level III categories were added for clarity. Special
considerations or deviations from the OEA definitions are noted under a
separate heading. A "9" in the
fourth position of a code on the ITUM indicates the interpreter's uncertainty
regarding the code. A field check at a later date would resolve the code
question.
1100 = Residential
1200 = Commercial and
Services
1211 = Military Reservations
1300 = Industrial
1400 =
Transportation/Communication/Utilities
1500 = Industrial and
Commercial Complexes
1600 = Mixed Urban or
Built-Up Land
1700 = Other Urban or
Built-Up Land
1800 = Recreational Land
1804 = Athletic Fields
(Schools)
2100 = Cropland and
Pastureland
2200 = Orchards, Vineyards,
Nurseries, Horticultural Areas
2260 = Cranberry Bogs
2300 = Confined Feeding
Operations
2400 = Other Agriculture
4100 = Deciduous
4200 = Coniferous
4210 =
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous
Mixed
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous
Mixed
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
5100 = River Channel
5200 =
5300 = Reservoir
5400 = Bay, Estuary
6110 = Saline Marshes
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
6130 = Vegetated Dune
Community
6210 = Deciduous Wooded
Wetlands
6220 = Coniferous Wooded
Wetlands
6221 =
6230 = Brush Dominant and Bog
Wetlands
6240 = Non-tidal Marshes
7100 = Beaches
7200 = Bare Exposed Rock,
Rock slides, etc.
7300 = Extractive Mining
7400 = Altered Lands
7500 = Transitional Area
ATTACHMENT
C: Phase II Land Use/Land Cover
Classification, Mercer and
The classification was based on one developed by the
OEA/USGS for land use/land cover mapping of the Hightstown quadrangle along with
modifications made during Phase I of the mapping project. The expanded classification mostly corresponds
to Level II in the USGS land use/land cover classification scheme. Some Level
III categories were added for clarity. A
"9" in the fourth position of a code on the ITUM indicates the interpreter's
uncertainty regarding the code. A field check at a later date would resolve the
code question.
1100 = Residential
1200 = Commercial and
Services
1211 = Military Reservations
1300 = Industrial
1400 =
Transportation/Communication/Utilities
1500 = Industrial and
Commercial Complexes
1600 = Mixed Urban or
Built-Up Land
1700 = Other Urban or
Built-Up Land
1800 = Recreational Land
1804 = Athletic Fields
(Schools)
2100 = Cropland and
Pastureland
2200 = Orchards, Vineyards,
Nurseries, Horticultural Areas
2260 = Cranberry Bogs
2300 = Confined Feeding
Operations
2400 = Other Agriculture
4100 = Deciduous
4200 = Coniferous
4210 =
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous
Mixed
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous
Mixed
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
5100 = River Channel
5200 =
5300 = Reservoir
5410 = Bay, Estuary
5420 = Dredged Lagoons
5500 = Cranberry Bogs
6110 = Saline Marshes
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
6130 = Vegetated Dune
Community
6210 = Deciduous Wooded
Wetlands
6220 = Coniferous Wooded
Wetlands
6221 =
6230 = Brush Dominant and Bog
Wetlands
6240 = Non-tidal Marshes
7000 =
7100 = Beaches
7200 = Bare Exposed Rock,
Rock slides, etc.
7300 = Extractive Mining
7400 = Altered Lands
7500 = Transitional Areas
ATTACHMENT
D:
The classification was based on one developed by the
OEA/USGS for land use/land cover mapping of the Hightstown quadrangle along with
modifications made during Phases I and II of the ITUM project. The expanded
classification mostly corresponds to Level II in the USGS land use/land cover
classification scheme. Some Level III categories were added for clarity. A
"9" in the fourth position of a code on the ITUM indicates the interpreter's
uncertainty regarding the code. A field check at a later date would resolve the
code question.
1100 = Residential
1200 = Commercial and
Services
1211 = Military Reservations
1300 = Industrial
1400 =
Transportation/Communication/Utilities
1500 = Industrial and
Commercial Complexes
1600 = Mixed Urban or
Built-Up Land
1700 = Other Urban or
Built-Up Land
1800 = Recreational Land
1804 = Athletic Fields
(Schools)
2100 = Cropland and
Pastureland
2200 = Orchards, Vineyards,
Nurseries, Horticultural Areas
2260 = Cranberry Bogs
2300 = Confined Feeding
Operations
2400 = Other Agriculture
4100 = Deciduous
4200 = Coniferous
4210 =
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous
Mixed
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous
Mixed
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
5100 = River Channel
5200 =
5300 = Reservoir
5410 = Bay, Estuary
5420 = Dredged Lagoons
6110 = Saline Marshes
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
6130 = Vegetated Dune
Community
6210 = Deciduous Wooded
Wetlands
6220 = Coniferous Wooded
Wetlands
6221 =
6230 = Brush Dominant and Bog
Wetlands
6240 = Non-tidal Marshes
7100 = Beaches
7200 = Bare Exposed Rock,
Rock slides, etc.
7300 = Extractive Mining
7400 = Altered Lands
7500 = Transitional Areas
7600 = Undifferentiated
ATTACHMENT
E:
Phase IV:
Phase V: Atlantic, Morris and
Phase VI:
Phase VII: Hunterdon,
The classification was based on one developed by the
OEA for land use/land cover mapping of the Hightstown quadrangle along with modifications
made during Phases I-III of the ITUM project. The expanded classification mostly corresponds
to Level II in the USGS land use/land cover classification scheme. Some Level
III categories were added for clarity.
1100 = Residential
1200 = Commercial and
Services
1211 = Military Reservations
1300 = Industrial
1400 =
Transportation/Communication/Utilities
1500 = Industrial and
Commercial Complexes
1600 = Mixed Urban or
Built-Up Land
1700 = Other Urban or
Built-Up Land
1800 = Recreational Land
1804 = Athletic Fields
(Schools)
2100 = Cropland and
Pastureland
2200 = Orchards, Vineyards,
Nurseries, Horticultural Areas
2260 = Cranberry Bogs
2300 = Confined Feeding
Operations
2400 = Other Agriculture
4100 = Deciduous
4200 = Coniferous
4310 = Coniferous/Deciduous
Mixed
4320 = Deciduous/Coniferous
Mixed
4400 = Brushland/Shrubland
6110 = Saline Marshes
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
6130 = Vegetated Dune
Community
6210 = Deciduous Wooded
Wetlands
6220 = Coniferous Wooded
Wetlands
6221 =
6230 = Brush Dominant and Bog
Wetlands
6240 = Non-tidal Marshes
7100 = Beaches
7200 = Bare Exposed Rock,
Rock slides, etc.
7300 = Extractive Mining
7400 = Altered Lands
7500 = Transitional Areas
7600 = Undifferentiated
ATTACHMENT
F: Phase V Land Use/Land Cover
Classification:
The classification was based on one developed by the
OEA for land use/land cover mapping of the Hightstown quadrangle along with modifications
made during the Camden County pilot, and previous ITUM projects. The expanded
classification mostly corresponds to Level II in the USGS land use/land cover
classification scheme. Some Level III
categories were added for clarity. However,
1100 = Residential
1200 = Commercial and
Services
1211 = Military Reservations
1300 = Industrial
1400 =
Transportation/Communication/Utilities
1461 = Wetland Rights of Way
1500 = Industrial and
Commercial Complexes
1600 = Mixed Urban or Built-Up
Land
1700 = Other Urban or
Built-Up Land
1800 = Recreational Land
1804 = Athletic Fields
(Schools)
2100 = Cropland and
Pastureland
2140 = Agricultural Wetlands
2200 = Orchards, Vineyards,
Nurseries, Horticultural Areas
2260 = Cranberry Bogs
2300 = Confined Feeding
Operations
2400 = Other Agriculture
4110 = Deciduous
4120 = Deciduous
4210 = Coniferous
4220 = Coniferous
4230 =
4311 = Mixed with Coniferous
Prevalent, 10 - 50% Crown Closure
4312 = Mixed with Coniferous
Prevalent, >50% Crown Closure
4321 = Mixed with Deciduous
Prevalent, 10 - 50% Crown Closure
4322 = Mixed with Deciduous
Prevalent, >50% Crown Closure
4410 = Old Field, < 25%
Brush Covered
4420 = Deciduous Brush/Shrubland
4430 = Coniferous Brush/Shrubland
4440 = Mixed
Deciduous/Coniferous
6110 = Saline Marshes
6120 = Freshwater Tidal Marsh
6130 = Vegetated Dune
Community
6210 = Deciduous Wooded
Wetlands
6220 = Coniferous Wooded
Wetlands
6221 =
6231 = Deciduous Brush and
Bog Wetlands
6232 = Coniferous Brush and
Bog Wetlands
6233 = Mixed Brush and Bog
Wetlands, Deciduous Prevalent
6234 = Mixed Brush and Bog
Wetlands, Coniferous Prevalent
6240 = Non-tidal Marshes
6251 = Mixed Wooded Wetlands
with Deciduous Prevalent
6252 = Mixed Wooded Wetlands
with Coniferous Prevalent
7100 = Beaches
7210 = Rock Faces, Rock
Slides, Cliffs
7220 = Exposed Rock
7300 = Extractive Mining
7400 = Altered Lands
7430 = Altered Land Wet
7500 = Transitional Areas
7600 = Undifferentiated