Motion and Forces

1. The motion of an object can vary in speed and direction.
2. An object can be described by the place in space that it occupies. For example:
   1. Orientation: upside down, right side up, backward, forward.
   2. Position in relation to another object: in front of, behind, above, below, inside, outside.
   3. Speed: fast or slow.
3. The position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling.
4. The change in position and motion of an object is related to the strength of the applied force.
   1. The push or pull (force) needed to cause a change in motion of an object depends upon the weight of the object. The heavier the object, the greater the push or pull needed to produce the same change in motion.
   2. The rougher the surface, the greater the push or pull needed to move the object on the surface.
5. Some forces are invisible and act at a distance.
   1. Earth's gravity pulls an object toward it without touching it.
   2. A magnetic force can push or pull certain objects without touching them.
   3. An electrical force (such as static electricity) can push or pull certain objects without touching them.

Energy Transformations

1. Energy is the ability to cause motion.
2. Energy is something that can be stored.
3. Energy can be changed from one form to another.
4. Sound is produced when an object vibrates.
   1. Sounds can be loud or soft.
   2. The pitch of a sound depends upon the rate of vibration.
   3. The faster the vibration of the object, the higher the pitch.
   4. The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch.
5. Heat and light energy come from a variety of sources.
   1. The sun is the primary source of heat and light on earth.
   2. Things that give off light, also give off heat.
   3. Sources of heat: burning, rubbing or mixing one substance with another. Examples include: sunlight, fire, a light bulb.
6. Heat can be transferred from one place to another, always moving from a warmer object to a colder object.
7. Sources of light energy include: sun, light bulb, stars, flames, fire flies.
8. Light behaves differently when it strikes different objects.
   1. When light strikes a transparent material such as glass, almost all the light passes through. We see clearly through transparent materials.
   2. When light strikes a translucent material such as waxed paper, only some of the light passes through it. We cannot see clearly through translucent materials.
   3. When light strikes opaque materials such as wood, none of the light passes through it. Some light is reflected and some light is absorbed. We cannot see through opaque materials.
9. Electricity can be used to produce heat, light, and magnetic effects.
10. Electrical current flows from the source of electricity along one path to an appliance (i.e., light bulb, bell), passes through the appliance then returns through a second path to the source.
11. Electricity flowing through a wire may cause the wire to become warm and glow. For example: the filament of an incandescent light bulb, the heating filament in a toaster, the coil in an electric heater.