Occupational Guide and Definitions for the Standard Occupational Classification system

This Guide is a listing of all 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes, titles, and definitions.

Click on the SOC code of an occupational group to access the definitions of the individual occupations in that group.
11-0000 Management Occupations	33-0000 Protective Service Occupations
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations	35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations	37-0000 Building,Grounds,Cleaning,Maintenance Occupation
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations	39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations	41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations
21-0000 Community and Social Services Occupations	43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations
23-0000 Legal Occupations	45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations	47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports & Media Occs	49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations	51-0000 Production Occupations
31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations	53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

SOC Code	SOC Title	SOC Definition
11-1011	Chief Executives	Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of companies or private and public sector organizations within guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and staff managers.
11-1021	General and Operations Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.
11-1031	Legislators	Develop, introduce or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, State, or Federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions.
11-2011	Advertising and Promotions Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or give-aways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis.
11-2021	Marketing Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
11-2022	Sales Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. Coordinate sales distribution by establishing sales territories, quotas, and goals and establish training programs for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and monitor the preferences of customers.
11-2031	Public Relations and Fundraising Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities designed to create or maintain a favorable public image or raise issue awareness for their organization or client; or if engaged in fundraising, plan, direct, or coordinate activities to solicit and maintain funds for special projects or nonprofit organizations.
11-3011	Administrative Services Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate one or more administrative services of an organization, such as records and information management, mail distribution, facilities planning and maintenance, custodial operations, and other office support services. Medical records administrators are included in “Medical and Health Services Managers” (11-9111). Excludes “Purchasing Managers" (11-3061).
11-3021	Computer and Information Systems Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis, and computer programming. Excludes “Computer Occupations" (15-1111 through 15-1199).
11-3031	Financial Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other financial activities of a branch, office, or department of an establishment.
11-3051	Industrial Production Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the work activities and resources necessary for manufacturing products in accordance with cost, quality, and quantity specifications.
11-3061	Purchasing Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of buyers, purchasing officers, and related workers involved in purchasing materials, products, and services. Includes wholesale or retail trade merchandising managers and procurement managers.
11-3071	Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers.
11-3111	Compensation and Benefits Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and benefits activities of an organization. Job analysis and position description managers are included in “Human Resource Managers” (11-3121).
11-3121	Human Resources Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate human resources activities and staff of an organization. Excludes managers who primarily focus on compensation and benefits (11-3111) and training and development (11-3131).
11-3131	Training and Development Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization.
11-9013	Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the management or operation of farms, ranches, greenhouses, aquacultural operations, nurseries, timber tracts, or other agricultural establishments. May hire, train, and supervise farm workers or contract for services to carry out the day-to-day activities of the managed operation. May engage in or supervise planting, cultivating, harvesting, and financial and marketing activities. Excludes “First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers” (45-1011).
11-9021	Construction Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate, usually through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities concerned with the construction and maintenance of structures, facilities, and systems. Participate in the conceptual development of a construction project and oversee its organization, scheduling, budgeting, and implementation. Includes managers in specialized construction fields, such as carpentry or plumbing.
11-9031	Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program	Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic and nonacademic activities of preschool and childcare centers or programs. Excludes “Preschool Teachers" (25-2011).
11-9032	Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School	Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of public or private elementary or secondary level schools.
11-9033	Education Administrators, Postsecondary	Plan, direct, or coordinate research, instructional, student administration and services, and other educational activities at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.
11-9039	Education Administrators, All Other	All education administrators not listed separately.
11-9041	Architectural and Engineering Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields. Excludes “Natural Sciences Managers" (11-9121).
11-9051	Food Service Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that serves food and beverages. Excludes “Chefs and Head Cooks” (35-1011).
11-9061	Funeral Service Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the services or resources of funeral homes. Includes activities such as determining prices for services or merchandise and managing the facilities of funeral homes. Excludes “Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors” (39-4031).
11-9071	Gaming Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate gaming operations in a casino. May formulate house rules.
11-9081	Lodging Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that provides lodging and other accommodations. Excludes “Food Service Managers" (11-9051) in lodging establishments.
11-9111	Medical and Health Services Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate medical and health services in hospitals, clinics, managed care organizations, public health agencies, or similar organizations.
11-9121	Natural Sciences Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and research and development in these fields. Excludes “Architecture and Engineering Managers" (11-9041) and "Computer and Information Systems Managers" (11-3021).
11-9131	Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and supportive services of a U.S. post office; or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office.
11-9141	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the selling, buying, leasing, or governance activities of commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties. Includes managers of homeowner and condominium associations, rented or leased housing units, buildings, or land (including rights-of-way).
11-9151	Social and Community Service Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization's budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers.
11-9161	Emergency Management Directors	Plan and direct disaster response or crisis management activities, provide disaster preparedness training, and prepare emergency plans and procedures for natural (e.g., hurricanes, floods, earthquakes), wartime, or technological (e.g., nuclear power plant emergencies or hazardous materials spills) disasters or hostage situations.
11-9199	Managers, All Other	All managers not listed separately.
13-1011	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients.
13-1021	Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products	Purchase farm products either for further processing or resale. Includes tree farm contractors, grain brokers and market operators, grain buyers, and tobacco buyers.
13-1022	Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products. Includes assistant wholesale and retail buyers of nonfarm products.
13-1023	Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or semi-finished materials for manufacturing. Excludes “Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products" (13-1021) and "Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products" (13-1022).
13-1031	Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements are made in accordance with company practices and procedures. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. May also settle insurance claims. Excludes "Fire Inspectors and Investigators" (33-2021).
13-1032	Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage	Appraise automobile or other vehicle damage to determine repair costs for insurance claim settlement. Prepare insurance forms to indicate repair cost or cost estimates and recommendations. May seek agreement with automotive repair shop on repair costs.
13-1041	Compliance Officers	Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes "Financial Examiners" (13-2061), “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents" (13-2081), “Occupational Health and Safety Specialists” (29-9011), “Occupational Health and Safety Technicians” (29-9012), "Transportation Security Screeners" (33-9093), “Agricultural Inspectors” (45-2011), “Construction and Building Inspectors” (47-4011), and “Transportation Inspectors” (53-6051).
13-1051	Cost Estimators	Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing, construction projects, or services to aid management in bidding on or determining price of product or service. May specialize according to particular service performed or type of product manufactured.
13-1071	Human Resources Specialists	Perform activities in the human resource area. Includes employment specialists who screen, recruit, interview, and place workers. Excludes “Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists” (13-1141) and “Training and Development Specialists” (13-1151).
13-1074	Farm Labor Contractors	Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers.
13-1075	Labor Relations Specialists	Resolve disputes between workers and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate grievance procedures to handle employee complaints. Excludes equal employment opportunity (EEO) officers who are included in “Compliance Officers” (13-1041).
13-1081	Logisticians	Analyze and coordinate the logistical functions of a firm or organization. Responsible for the entire life cycle of a product, including acquisition, distribution, internal allocation, delivery, and final disposal of resources. Excludes “Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers” (11-3071).
13-1111	Management Analysts	Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplification and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efficiently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants. Excludes “Computer Systems Analysts" (15-1121) and "Operations Research Analysts" (15-2031).
13-1121	Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	Coordinate activities of staff, convention personnel, or clients to make arrangements for group meetings, events, or conventions.
13-1131	Fundraisers	Organize activities to raise funds or otherwise solicit and gather monetary donations or other gifts for an organization. May design and produce promotional materials. May also raise awareness of the organization’s work, goals, and financial needs.
13-1141	Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	Conduct programs of compensation and benefits and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specific areas, such as position classification and pension programs.
13-1151	Training and Development Specialists	Design and conduct training and development programs to improve individual and organizational performance. May analyze training needs.
13-1161	Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	Research market conditions in local, regional, or national areas, or gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service, or create a marketing campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution.
13-1199	Business Operations Specialists, All Other	All business operations specialists not listed separately.
13-2011	Accountants and Auditors	Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data. Excludes “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081).
13-2021	Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	Appraise real property and estimate its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed schedules.
13-2031	Budget Analysts	Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with procedures and regulations. Analyze budgeting and accounting reports.
13-2041	Credit Analysts	Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decision making.
13-2051	Financial Analysts	Conduct quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programs of public or private institutions.
13-2052	Personal Financial Advisors	Advise clients on financial plans using knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial objectives.
13-2053	Insurance Underwriters	Review individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and determine acceptance of applications.
13-2061	Financial Examiners	Enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial and securities institutions and financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify, or authenticate records.
13-2071	Credit Counselors	Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans, advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, and bankruptcy counseling.
13-2072	Loan Officers	Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on financial status and payment methods. Includes mortgage loan officers and agents, collection analysts, loan servicing officers, and loan underwriters.
13-2081	Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations.
13-2082	Tax Preparers	Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes “Accountants and Auditors” (13-2011).
13-2099	Financial Specialists, All Other	All financial specialists not listed separately.
15-1111	Computer and Information Research Scientists	Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.
15-1121	Computer Systems Analysts	Analyze science, engineering, business, and other data processing problems to implement and improve computer systems. Analyze user requirements, procedures, and problems to automate or improve existing systems and review computer system capabilities, workflow, and scheduling limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially available software.
15-1122	Information Security Analysts	Plan, implement, upgrade, or monitor security measures for the protection of computer networks and information. May ensure appropriate security controls are in place that will safeguard digital files and vital electronic infrastructure. May respond to computer security breaches and viruses. Excludes “Computer Network Architects” (15-1143).
15-1131	Computer Programmers	Create, modify, and test the code, forms, and script that allow computer applications to run. Work from specifications drawn up by software developers or other individuals. May assist software developers by analyzing user needs and designing software solutions. May develop and write computer programs to store, locate, and retrieve specific documents, data, and information.
15-1132	Software Developers, Applications	Develop, create, and modify general computer applications software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs and develop software solutions. Design software or customize software for client use with the aim of optimizing operational efficiency. May analyze and design databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database development as part of a team. May supervise computer programmers.
15-1133	Software Developers, Systems Software	Research, design, develop, and test operating systems-level software, compilers, and network distribution software for medical, industrial, military, communications, aerospace, business, scientific, and general computing applications. Set operational specifications and formulate and analyze software requirements. May design embedded systems software. Apply principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis.
15-1134	Web Developers	Design, create, and modify Web sites. Analyze user needs to implement Web site content, graphics, performance, and capacity. May integrate Web sites with other computer applications. May convert written, graphic, audio, and video components to compatible Web formats by using software designed to facilitate the creation of Web and multimedia content. Excludes “Multimedia Artists and Animators” (27-1014).
15-1141	Database Administrators	Administer, test, and implement computer databases, applying knowledge of database management systems. Coordinate changes to computer databases. May plan, coordinate, and implement security measures to safeguard computer databases. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1122).
15-1142	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	Install, configure, and support an organization’s local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and Internet systems or a segment of a network system. Monitor network to ensure network availability to all system users and may perform necessary maintenance to support network availability. May monitor and test Web site performance to ensure Web sites operate correctly and without interruption. May assist in network modeling, analysis, planning, and coordination between network and data communications hardware and software. May supervise computer user support specialists and computer network support specialists. May administer network security measures. Excludes “Information Security Analysts”(15-1122), “Computer User Support Specialists” (15-1151), and “Computer Network Support Specialists” (15-1152).
15-1143	Computer Network Architects	Design and implement computer and information networks, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), intranets, extranets, and other data communications networks. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning. May also design network and computer security measures. May research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1122), “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1142), and “Computer Network Support Specialists” (15-1152).
15-1151	Computer User Support Specialists	Provide technical assistance to computer users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in person, or via telephone or electronically. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems. Excludes “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1142).
15-1152	Computer Network Support Specialists	Analyze, test, troubleshoot, and evaluate existing network systems, such as local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and Internet systems or a segment of a network system. Perform network maintenance to ensure networks operate correctly with minimal interruption. Excludes “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1142) and “Computer Network Architects” (15-1143).
15-1199	Computer Occupations, All Other	All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes “Computer and Information Systems Managers” (11-3021), “Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061), “Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (17-2070), “Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1021), “Multimedia Artists and Animators” (27-1014), “Graphic Designers” (27-1024), “Computer Operators” (43-9011), and “Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairs” (49-2011).
15-2011	Actuaries	Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
15-2021	Mathematicians	Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, management, and other fields. Solve problems in various fields using mathematical methods.
15-2031	Operations Research Analysts	Formulate and apply mathematical modeling and other optimizing methods to develop and interpret information that assists management with decision making, policy formulation, or other managerial functions. May collect and analyze data and develop decision support software, service, or products. May develop and supply optimal time, cost, or logistics networks for program evaluation, review, or implementation.
15-2041	Statisticians	Develop or apply mathematical or statistical theory and methods to collect, organize, interpret, and summarize numerical data to provide usable information. May specialize in fields such as bio-statistics, agricultural statistics, business statistics, or economic statistics. Includes mathematical and survey statisticians. Excludes “Survey Researchers” (19-3022).
15-2091	Mathematical Technicians	Apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and methodology to technological problems in engineering and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research objectives, processes, equipment, and products.
15-2099	Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other	All mathematical scientists not listed separately.
17-1011	Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	Plan and design structures, such as private residences, office buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural property. Excludes “Landscape Architects” (17-1012) and “Marine Engineers and Naval Architects” (17-2121).
17-1012	Landscape Architects	Plan and design land areas for projects such as parks and other recreational facilities, airports, highways, hospitals, schools, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial, and residential sites.
17-1021	Cartographers and Photogrammetrists	Collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and satellite data. Research, study, and prepare maps and other spatial data in digital or graphic form for legal, social, political, educational, and design purposes. May work with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). May design and evaluate algorithms, data structures, and user interfaces for GIS and mapping systems.
17-1022	Surveyors	Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth's surface for engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes.
17-2011	Aerospace Engineers	Perform engineering duties in designing, constructing, and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. May conduct basic and applied research to evaluate adaptability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and manufacture. May recommend improvements in testing equipment and techniques.
17-2021	Agricultural Engineers	Apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to agricultural problems concerned with power and machinery, electrification, structures, soil and water conservation, and processing of agricultural products.
17-2031	Biomedical Engineers	Apply knowledge of engineering, biology, and biomechanical principles to the design, development, and evaluation of biological and health systems and products, such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and heath management and care delivery systems.
17-2041	Chemical Engineers	Design chemical plant equipment and devise processes for manufacturing chemicals and products, such as gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, cement, paper, and pulp, by applying principles and technology of chemistry, physics, and engineering.
17-2051	Civil Engineers	Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. Includes architectural, structural, traffic, ocean, and geo-technical engineers. Excludes “Hydrologists" (19-2043).
17-2061	Computer Hardware Engineers	Research, design, develop, or test computer or computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. May supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer or computer-related equipment and components. Excludes “Software Developers, Applications" (15-1132) and “Software Developers, Systems Software (15-1133).
17-2071	Electrical Engineers	Research, design, develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. Excludes “Computer Hardware Engineers" (17-2061).
17-2072	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	Research, design, develop, or test electronic components and systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use employing knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties. Design electronic circuits and components for use in fields such as telecommunications, aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, or instruments and controls. Excludes “Computer Hardware Engineers" (17-2061).
17-2081	Environmental Engineers	Research, design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental hazards using various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site remediation, or pollution control technology.
17-2111	Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors	Promote worksite or product safety by applying knowledge of industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, psychology, and industrial health and safety laws. Includes industrial product safety engineers.
17-2112	Industrial Engineers	Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, including human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production coordination. Excludes “Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors" (17-2111).
17-2121	Marine Engineers and Naval Architects	Design, develop, and evaluate the operation of marine vessels, ship machinery, and related equipment, such as power supply and propulsion systems.
17-2131	Materials Engineers	Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Includes those engineers working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Includes metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers.
17-2141	Mechanical Engineers	Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of equipment such as centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems.
17-2151	Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers	Conduct sub-surface surveys to identify the characteristics of potential land or mining development sites. May specify the ground support systems, processes and equipment for safe, economical, and environmentally sound extraction or underground construction activities. May inspect areas for unsafe geological conditions, equipment, and working conditions. May design, implement, and coordinate mine safety programs. Excludes "Petroleum Engineers" (17-2171).
17-2161	Nuclear Engineers	Conduct research on nuclear engineering projects or apply principles and theory of nuclear science to problems concerned with release, control, and use of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal.
17-2171	Petroleum Engineers	Devise methods to improve oil and gas extraction and production and determine the need for new or modified tool designs. Oversee drilling and offer technical advice.
17-2199	Engineers, All Other	All engineers not listed separately.
17-3011	Architectural and Civil Drafters	Prepare detailed drawings of architectural and structural features of buildings or drawings and topographical relief maps used in civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, and public works. Use knowledge of building materials, engineering practices, and mathematics to complete drawings.
17-3012	Electrical and Electronics Drafters	Prepare wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, and layout drawings used for the manufacture, installation, or repair of electrical equipment.
17-3013	Mechanical Drafters	Prepare detailed working diagrams of machinery and mechanical devices, including dimensions, fastening methods, and other engineering information.
17-3019	Drafters, All Other	All drafters not listed separately.
17-3021	Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians	Operate, install, calibrate, and maintain integrated computer/communications systems, consoles, simulators, and other data acquisition, test, and measurement instruments and equipment, which are used to launch, track, position, and evaluate air and space vehicles. May record and interpret test data.
17-3022	Civil Engineering Technicians	Apply theory and principles of civil engineering in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of structures and facilities under the direction of engineering staff or physical scientists.
17-3023	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians	Apply electrical and electronic theory and related knowledge, usually under the direction of engineering staff, to design, build, repair, calibrate, and modify electrical components, circuitry, controls, and machinery for subsequent evaluation and use by engineering staff in making engineering design decisions. Excludes “Broadcast Technicians" (27-4012).
17-3024	Electro-Mechanical Technicians	Operate, test, maintain, or calibrate unmanned, automated, servo-mechanical, or electromechanical equipment. May operate unmanned submarines, aircraft, or other equipment at worksites, such as oil rigs, deep ocean exploration, or hazardous waste removal. May assist engineers in testing and designing robotics equipment.
17-3025	Environmental Engineering Technicians	Apply theory and principles of environmental engineering to modify, test, and operate equipment and devices used in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental problems, including waste treatment and site remediation, under the direction of engineering staff or scientist. May assist in the development of environmental remediation devices.
17-3026	Industrial Engineering Technicians	Apply engineering theory and principles to problems of industrial layout or manufacturing production, usually under the direction of engineering staff. May perform time and motion studies on worker operations in a variety of industries for purposes such as establishing standard production rates or improving efficiency.
17-3027	Mechanical Engineering Technicians	Apply theory and principles of mechanical engineering to modify, develop, test, or calibrate machinery and equipment under direction of engineering staff or physical scientists.
17-3029	Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other	All engineering technicians, except drafters, not listed separately.
17-3031	Surveying and Mapping Technicians	Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of an engineer, surveyor, cartographer, or photogrammetrist to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other features. May verify accuracy and completeness of maps. Excludes “Surveyors" (17-1022), "Cartographers and Photogrammetrists" (17-1021), and "Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers" (19-2042).
19-1011	Animal Scientists	Conduct research in the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, and development of domestic farm animals.
19-1012	Food Scientists and Technologists	Use chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and other sciences to study the principles underlying the processing and deterioration of foods; analyze food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, and protein; discover new food sources; research ways to make processed foods safe, palatable, and healthful; and apply food science knowledge to determine best ways to process, package, preserve, store, and distribute food.
19-1013	Soil and Plant Scientists	Conduct research in breeding, physiology, production, yield, and management of crops and agricultural plants or trees, shrubs, and nursery stock, their growth in soils, and control of pests; or study the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. May classify and map soils and investigate effects of alternative practices on soil and crop productivity.
19-1021	Biochemists and Biophysicists	Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms.
19-1022	Microbiologists	Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi. Includes medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms.
19-1023	Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists	Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife research and management. May collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water habitats.
19-1029	Biological Scientists, All Other	All biological scientists not listed separately.
19-1031	Conservation Scientists	Manage, improve, and protect natural resources to maximize their use without damaging the environment. May conduct soil surveys and develop plans to eliminate soil erosion or to protect rangelands. May instruct farmers, agricultural production managers, or ranchers in best ways to use crop rotation, contour plowing, or terracing to conserve soil and water; in the number and kind of livestock and forage plants best suited to particular ranges; and in range and farm improvements, such as fencing and reservoirs for stock watering. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists" (19-1023) and "Foresters" (19-1032).
19-1032	Foresters	Manage public and private forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber's worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, water quality, and soil stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine optimal harvesting schedules.
19-1041	Epidemiologists	Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, or health outcomes. May develop the means for prevention and control.
19-1042	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities. Includes physicians, dentists, public health specialists, pharmacologists, and medical pathologists who primarily conduct research. Practitioners who primarily provide medical or dental care or dispense drugs are included in “Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners” (29-1000).
19-1099	Life Scientists, All Other	All life scientists not listed separately.
19-2011	Astronomers	Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems.
19-2012	Physicists	Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply physical laws and theories. Excludes “Biochemists and Biophysicists” (19-1021).
19-2021	Atmospheric and Space Scientists	Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data, gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Includes weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of meteorology.
19-2031	Chemists	Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge. Excludes “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers" (19-2042) and "Biochemists and Biophysicists" (19-1021).
19-2032	Materials Scientists	Research and study the structures and chemical properties of various natural and synthetic or composite materials, including metals, alloys, rubber, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and glass. Determine ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials with new or specific properties for use in a variety of products and applications. Includes glass scientists, ceramic scientists, metallurgical scientists, and polymer scientists.
19-2041	Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	Conduct research or perform investigation for the purpose of identifying, abating, or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or the health of the population. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, may collect, synthesize, study, report, and recommend action based on data derived from measurements or observations of air, food, soil, water, and other sources. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists" (19-1023), "Conservation Scientists" (19-1031), "Forest and Conservation Technicians" (19-4093), "Fish and Game Wardens" (33-3031), and "Forest and Conservation Workers" (45-4011).
19-2042	Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers	Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, crystallographers, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.
19-2043	Hydrologists	Research the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of underground and surface waters; and study the form and intensity of precipitation, its rate of infiltration into the soil, movement through the earth, and its return to the ocean and atmosphere.
19-2099	Physical Scientists, All Other	All physical scientists not listed separately.
19-3011	Economists	Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to address economic problems related to the production and distribution of goods and services or monetary and fiscal policy. May collect and process economic and statistical data using sampling techniques and econometric methods. Excludes “Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists" (13-1161).
19-3022	Survey Researchers	Plan, develop, or conduct surveys. May analyze and interpret the meaning of survey data, determine survey objectives, or suggest or test question wording. Includes social scientists who primarily design questionnaires or supervise survey teams. Excludes "Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists" (13-1161) and "Statisticians" (15-2041).
19-3031	Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists	Diagnose and treat mental disorders; learning disabilities; and cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems, using individual, child, family, and group therapies. May design and implement behavior modification programs.
19-3032	Industrial-Organizational Psychologists	Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve worker productivity.
19-3039	Psychologists, All Other	All psychologists not listed separately.
19-3041	Sociologists	Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members.
19-3051	Urban and Regional Planners	Develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities of jurisdictions, such as towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas.
19-3091	Anthropologists and Archeologists	Study the origin, development, and behavior of human beings. May study the way of life, language, or physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations.
19-3092	Geographers	Study the nature and use of areas of the Earth's surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global.
19-3093	Historians	Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.
19-3094	Political Scientists	Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. May study topics, such as public opinion, political decision-making, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of governments, as well as various political entities. May conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze public documents. Excludes “Survey Researchers” (19-3022).
19-3099	Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other	All social scientists and related workers not listed separately.
19-4011	Agricultural and Food Science Technicians	Work with agricultural and food scientists in food, fiber, and animal research, production, and processing; and assist with animal breeding and nutrition. Conduct tests and experiments to improve yield and quality of crops or to increase the resistance of plants and animals to disease or insects. Includes technicians who assist food scientists or technologists in the research and development of production technology, quality control, packaging, processing, and use of foods.
19-4021	Biological Technicians	Assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories. Set up, operate, and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments, make observations, and calculate and record results. May analyze organic substances, such as blood, food, and drugs.
19-4031	Chemical Technicians	Conduct chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of solids, liquids, and gaseous materials for research and development of new products or processes, quality control, maintenance of environmental standards, and other work involving experimental, theoretical, or practical application of chemistry and related sciences.
19-4041	Geological and Petroleum Technicians	Assist scientists or engineers in the use of electronic, sonic, or nuclear measuring instruments in both laboratory and production activities to obtain data indicating potential resources such as metallic ore, minerals, gas, coal, or petroleum. Analyze mud and drill cuttings. Chart pressure, temperature, and other characteristics of wells or bore holes. Investigate and collect information leading to the possible discovery of new metallic ore, minerals, gas, coal, or petroleum deposits.
19-4051	Nuclear Technicians	Assist nuclear physicists, nuclear engineers, or other scientists in laboratory or production activities. May operate, maintain, or provide quality control for nuclear testing and research equipment. May monitor radiation.
19-4061	Social Science Research Assistants	Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes “Graduate Teaching Assistants" (25-1191).
19-4091	Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health	Perform laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution, including those that affect health, under the direction of an environmental scientist, engineer, or other specialist. May collect samples of gases, soil, water, and other materials for testing.
19-4092	Forensic Science Technicians	Collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, handwriting, or biochemistry.
19-4093	Forest and Conservation Technicians	Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under the direction of foresters; or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes “Conservation Scientists” (19-1031) and “Foresters” (19-1032).
19-4099	Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other	All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately.
21-1011	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	Counsel and advise individuals with alcohol, tobacco, drug, or other problems, such as gambling and eating disorders. May counsel individuals, families, or groups or engage in prevention programs. Excludes “Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029), "Psychologists" (19-3031 through 19-3039), and "Mental Health Counselors" (21-1014) providing these services.
21-1012	Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors	Counsel individuals and provide group educational and vocational guidance services.
21-1013	Marriage and Family Therapists	Diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, whether cognitive, affective, or behavioral, within the context of marriage and family systems. Apply psychotherapeutic and family systems theories and techniques in the delivery of services to individuals, couples, and families for the purpose of treating such diagnosed nervous and mental disorders. Excludes “Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029) and "Psychologists" of all types (19-3031 through 19-3039).
21-1014	Mental Health Counselors	Counsel with emphasis on prevention. Work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health. May help individuals deal with issues associated with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; and aging. Excludes “Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029), "Psychiatrists" (29-1066), and "Psychologists" (19-3031 through 19-3039).
21-1015	Rehabilitation Counselors	Counsel individuals to maximize the independence and employability of persons coping with personal, social, and vocational difficulties that result from birth defects, illness, disease, accidents, or the stress of daily life. Coordinate activities for residents of care and treatment facilities. Assess client needs and design and implement rehabilitation programs that may include personal and vocational counseling, training, and job placement.
21-1019	Counselors, All Other	All counselors not listed separately.
21-1021	Child, Family, and School Social Workers	Provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and their families and to maximize the family well-being and the academic functioning of children. May assist parents, arrange adoptions, and find foster homes for abandoned or abused children. In schools, they address such problems as teenage pregnancy, misbehavior, and truancy. May also advise teachers.
21-1022	Healthcare Social Workers	Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family care givers, providing patient education and counseling, and making referrals for other services. May also provide care and case management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare.
21-1023	Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.
21-1029	Social Workers, All Other	All social workers not listed separately.
21-1091	Health Educators	Provide and manage health education programs that help individuals, families, and their communities maximize and maintain healthy lifestyles. Collect and analyze data to identify community needs prior to planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating programs designed to encourage healthy lifestyles, policies, and environments. May serve as resource to assist individuals, other health professionals, or the community, and may administer fiscal resources for health education programs. Excludes “Community Health Workers” (21-1094).
21-1092	Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	Provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole. Make recommendations for actions involving formulation of rehabilitation plan and treatment of offender, including conditional release and education and employment stipulations.
21-1093	Social and Human Service Assistants	Assist in providing client services in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work, including support for families. May assist clients in identifying and obtaining available benefits and social and community services. May assist social workers with developing, organizing, and conducting programs to prevent and resolve problems relevant to substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilitation, or dependent care. Excludes "Rehabilitation Counselors" (21-1015), "Psychiatric Technicians" (29-2053), "Personal Care Aides" (39-9021), and "Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs" (43-4061).
21-1094	Community Health Workers	Assist individuals and communities to adopt healthy behaviors. Conduct outreach for medical personnel or health organizations to implement programs in the community that promote, maintain, and improve individual and community health. May provide information on available resources, provide social support and informal counseling, advocate for individuals and community health needs, and provide services such as first aid and blood pressure screening. May collect data to help identify community health needs. Excludes “Health Educators” (21-1091).
21-1099	Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other	All community and social service specialists not listed separately.
21-2011	Clergy	Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members.
21-2021	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	Plan, direct, or coordinate programs designed to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling and guidance relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems.
21-2099	Religious Workers, All Other	All religious workers not listed separately.
23-1011	Lawyers	Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.
23-1012	Judicial Law Clerks	Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes "Lawyers" (23-1011) and "Paralegals and Legal Assistants" (23-2011).
23-1021	Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers	Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements. Excludes “Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators” (23-1022).
23-1022	Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators	Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.
23-1023	Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.
23-2011	Paralegals and Legal Assistants	Assist lawyers by investigating facts, preparing legal documents, or researching legal precedent. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action. Excludes “Legal Secretaries” (43-6012).
23-2091	Court Reporters	Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Includes stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers.
23-2093	Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers	Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies.
23-2099	Legal Support Workers, All Other	All legal support workers not listed separately.
25-1011	Business Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in business administration and management, such as accounting, finance, human resources, labor and industrial relations, marketing, and operations research. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1021	Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in computer science. May specialize in a field of computer science, such as the design and function of computers or operations and research analysis. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1022	Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to mathematical concepts, statistics, and actuarial science and to the application of original and standardized mathematical techniques in solving specific problems and situations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1031	Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in architecture and architectural design, such as architectural environmental design, interior architecture/design, and landscape architecture. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1032	Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the application of physical laws and principles of engineering for the development of machines, materials, instruments, processes, and services. Includes teachers of subjects such as chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, mineral, and petroleum engineering. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes "Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1021).
25-1041	Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in the agricultural sciences. Includes teachers of agronomy, dairy sciences, fisheries management, horticultural sciences, poultry sciences, range management, and agricultural soil conservation. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1043).
25-1042	Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in biological sciences. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1043	Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in forestry and conservation science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes "Agricultural Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1041) and “Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1053).
25-1051	Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in the physical sciences, except chemistry and physics. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1052	Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the chemical and physical properties and compositional changes of substances. Work may include instruction in the methods of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes "Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1042) who teach biochemistry.
25-1053	Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in environmental science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1054	Physics Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the laws of matter and energy. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1061	Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in anthropology or archeology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1062	Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the culture and development of an area, an ethnic group, or any other group, such as Latin American studies, women’s studies, or urban affairs. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1063	Economics Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in economics. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1064	Geography Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in geography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1065	Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in political science, international affairs, and international relations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1066	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical, and developmental psychology, and psychological counseling. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1067	Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in sociology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1069	Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other	All postsecondary social sciences teachers not listed separately.
25-1071	Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in health specialties, in fields such as dentistry, laboratory technology, medicine, pharmacy, public health, therapy, and veterinary medicine. Excludes "Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1072) and "Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1042) who teach medical science.
25-1072	Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary	Demonstrate and teach patient care in classroom and clinical units to nursing students. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1081	Education Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to education, such as counseling, curriculum, guidance, instruction, teacher education, and teaching English as a second language. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1082	Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in library science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1111	Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement administration. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1112	Law Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in law. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1113	Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in social work. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1121	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in drama, music, and the arts including fine and applied art, such as painting and sculpture, or design and crafts. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1122	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in communications, such as organizational communications, public relations, radio/television broadcasting, and journalism. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1123	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in English language and literature, including linguistics and comparative literature. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1124	Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach languages and literature courses in languages other than English. Includes teachers of American Sign Language (ASL). Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1125	History Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in human history and historiography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1126	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in philosophy, religion, and theology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1191	Graduate Teaching Assistants	Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses, developing teaching materials, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate teaching assistants must be enrolled in a graduate school program. Graduate assistants who primarily perform non-teaching duties, such as research, should be reported in the occupational category related to the work performed. Excludes “Teacher Assistants” (25-9041).
25-1192	Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1193	Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
25-1194	Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach or instruct vocational or occupational subjects at the postsecondary level (but at less than the baccalaureate) to students who have graduated or left high school. Includes correspondence school instructors; industrial, commercial, and government training instructors; and adult education teachers and instructors who prepare persons to operate industrial machinery and equipment and transportation and communications equipment. Teaching may take place in public or private schools whose primary business is education or in a school associated with an organization whose primary business is other than education.
25-1199	Postsecondary Teachers, All Other	All postsecondary teachers not listed separately.
25-2011	Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	Instruct preschool-aged children in activities designed to promote social, physical, and intellectual growth needed for primary school in preschool, day care center, or other child development facility. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). May be required to hold State certification. Excludes "Childcare Workers" (39-9011) and "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2012	Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	Teach elemental natural and social science, personal hygiene, music, art, and literature to kindergarten students. Promote physical, mental, and social development. May be required to hold State certification. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2021	Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	Teach students basic academic, social, and other formative skills in public or private schools at the elementary level. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2022	Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	Teach students in one or more subjects in public or private schools at the middle, intermediate, or junior high level, which falls between elementary and senior high school as defined by applicable laws and regulations. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes "Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School " (25-2023) and "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2023	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	Teach occupational, career and technical, or vocational subjects in public or private schools at the middle, intermediate, or junior high level, which falls between elementary and senior high school as defined by applicable laws and regulations. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2031	Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	Teach students in one or more subjects, such as English, mathematics, or social studies at the secondary level in public or private schools. May be designated according to subject matter specialty. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes "Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School" (25-2032) and "Special Education Teachers" (25-2050).
25-2032	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	Teach occupational, career and technical, or vocational subjects at the secondary school level in public or private schools. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099). Excludes “Special Education Teachers, Secondary School” (25-2054).
25-2051	Special Education Teachers, Preschool	Teach preschool school subjects to educationally and physically handicapped students. Includes teachers who specialize and work with audibly and visually handicapped students and those who teach basic academic and life processes skills to the mentally impaired. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099).
25-2052	Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School	Teach elementary school subjects to educationally and physically handicapped students. Includes teachers who specialize and work with audibly and visually handicapped students and those who teach basic academic and life processes skills to the mentally impaired. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099).
25-2053	Special Education Teachers, Middle School	Teach middle school subjects to educationally and physically handicapped students. Includes teachers who specialize and work with audibly and visually handicapped students and those who teach basic academic and life processes skills to the mentally impaired. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099).
25-2054	Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	Teach secondary school subjects to educationally and physically handicapped students. Includes teachers who specialize and work with audibly and visually handicapped students and those who teach basic academic and life processes skills to the mentally impaired. Substitute teachers are included in "Teachers and Instructors, All Other" (25-3099).
25-2059	Special Education Teachers, All Other	All special education teachers not listed separately.
25-3011	Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors	Teach or instruct out-of-school youths and adults in remedial education classes, preparatory classes for the General Educational Development test, literacy, or English as a Second Language. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution.
25-3021	Self-Enrichment Education Teachers	Teach or instruct courses other than those that normally lead to an occupational objective or degree. Courses may include self-improvement, nonvocational, and nonacademic subjects. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution. Excludes “Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors” (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with “Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers” (53-2010).
25-3099	Teachers and Instructors, All Other	All teachers and instructors not listed separately.
25-4011	Archivists	Appraise, edit, and direct safekeeping of permanent records and historically valuable documents. Participate in research activities based on archival materials.
25-4012	Curators	Administer collections, such as artwork, collectibles, historic items, or scientific specimens of museums or other institutions. May conduct instructional, research, or public service activities of institution.
25-4013	Museum Technicians and Conservators	Restore, maintain, or prepare objects in museum collections for storage, research, or exhibit. May work with specimens such as fossils, skeletal parts, or botanicals; or artifacts, textiles, or art. May identify and record objects or install and arrange them in exhibits. Includes book or document conservators.
25-4021	Librarians	Administer libraries and perform related library services. Work in a variety of settings, including public libraries, educational institutions, museums, corporations, government agencies, law firms, non-profit organizations, and healthcare providers. Tasks may include selecting, acquiring, cataloguing, classifying, circulating, and maintaining library materials; and furnishing reference, bibliographical, and readers' advisory services. May perform in-depth, strategic research, and synthesize, analyze, edit, and filter information. May set up or work with databases and information systems to catalogue and access information.
25-4031	Library Technicians	Assist librarians by helping readers in the use of library catalogs, databases, and indexes to locate books and other materials; and by answering questions that require only brief consultation of standard reference. Compile records; sort and shelve books or other media; remove or repair damaged books or other media; register patrons; and check materials in and out of the circulation process. Replace materials in shelving area (stacks) or files. Includes bookmobile drivers who assist with providing services in mobile libraries.
25-9011	Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections Specialists	Prepare, plan, and operate multimedia teaching aids for use in education. May record, catalogue, and file materials.
25-9021	Farm and Home Management Advisors	Advise, instruct, and assist individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home economics activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to solve problems; and instruct and train in product development, sales, and the use of machinery and equipment to promote general welfare. Includes county agricultural agents, feed and farm management advisers, home economists, and extension service advisors.
25-9031	Instructional Coordinators	Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology in specialized fields that provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors.
25-9041	Teacher Assistants	Perform duties that are instructional in nature or deliver direct services to students or parents. Serve in a position for which a teacher has ultimate responsibility for the design and implementation of educational programs and services. Excludes “Graduate Teaching Assistants” (25-1191).
25-9099	Education, Training, and Library Workers, All Other	All education, training, and library workers not listed separately.
27-1011	Art Directors	Formulate design concepts and presentation approaches for visual communications media, such as print, broadcasting, and advertising. Direct workers engaged in art work or layout design.
27-1012	Craft Artists	Create or reproduce hand-made objects for sale and exhibition using a variety of techniques, such as welding, weaving, pottery, and needlecraft.
27-1013	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	Create original artwork using any of a wide variety of media and techniques.
27-1014	Multimedia Artists and Animators	Create special effects, animation, or other visual images using film, video, computers, or other electronic tools and media for use in products or creations, such as computer games, movies, music videos, and commercials.
27-1019	Artists and Related Workers, All Other	All artists and related workers not listed separately.
27-1021	Commercial and Industrial Designers	Develop and design manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and children's toys. Combine artistic talent with research on product use, marketing, and materials to create the most functional and appealing product design.
27-1022	Fashion Designers	Design clothing and accessories. Create original designs or adapt fashion trends.
27-1023	Floral Designers	Design, cut, and arrange live, dried, or artificial flowers and foliage.
27-1024	Graphic Designers	Design or create graphics to meet specific commercial or promotional needs, such as packaging, displays, or logos. May use a variety of mediums to achieve artistic or decorative effects.
27-1025	Interior Designers	Plan, design, and furnish interiors of residential, commercial, or industrial buildings. Formulate design which is practical, aesthetic, and conducive to intended purposes, such as raising productivity, selling merchandise, or improving life style. May specialize in a particular field, style, or phase of interior design. Excludes "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers" (27-1026).
27-1026	Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.
27-1027	Set and Exhibit Designers	Design special exhibits and movie, television, and theater sets. May study scripts, confer with directors, and conduct research to determine appropriate architectural styles.
27-1029	Designers, All Other	All designers not listed separately.
27-2011	Actors	Play parts in stage, television, radio, video, motion picture productions, or other settings for entertainment, information, or instruction. Interpret serious or comic role by speech, gesture, and body movement to entertain or inform audience. May dance and sing.
27-2012	Producers and Directors	Produce or direct stage, television, radio, video, or motion picture productions for entertainment, information, or instruction. Responsible for creative decisions, such as interpretation of script, choice of actors or guests, set design, sound, special effects, and choreography.
27-2021	Athletes and Sports Competitors	Compete in athletic events.
27-2022	Coaches and Scouts	Instruct or coach groups or individuals in the fundamentals of sports. Demonstrate techniques and methods of participation. May evaluate athletes' strengths and weaknesses as possible recruits or to improve the athletes' technique to prepare them for competition. Those required to hold teaching degrees should be reported in the appropriate teaching category. Excludes "Athletic Trainers" (29-9091).
27-2023	Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	Officiate at competitive athletic or sporting events. Detect infractions of rules and decide penalties according to established regulations. Includes all sporting officials, referees, and competition judges.
27-2031	Dancers	Perform dances. May perform on stage, for on-air broadcasting, or for video recording
27-2032	Choreographers	Create new dance routines. Rehearse performance of routines. May direct and stage presentations.
27-2041	Music Directors and Composers	Conduct, direct, plan, and lead instrumental or vocal performances by musical groups, such as orchestras, bands, choirs, and glee clubs. Includes arrangers, composers, choral directors, and orchestrators.
27-2042	Musicians and Singers	Play one or more musical instruments or sing. May perform on stage, for on-air broadcasting, or for sound or video recording.
27-2099	Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately.
27-3011	Radio and Television Announcers	Speak or read from scripted materials, such as news reports or commercial messages, on radio or television. May announce artist or title of performance, identify station, or interview guests. Excludes “Broadcast News Analysts” (27-3021).
27-3012	Public Address System and Other Announcers	Make announcements over public address system at sporting or other public events. May act as master of ceremonies or disc jockey at weddings, parties, clubs, or other gathering places.
27-3021	Broadcast News Analysts	Analyze, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources.
27-3022	Reporters and Correspondents	Collect and analyze facts about newsworthy events by interview, investigation, or observation. Report and write stories for newspaper, news magazine, radio, or television. Excludes "Broadcast News Analysts" (27-3021).
27-3031	Public Relations Specialists	Engage in promoting or creating an intended public image for individuals, groups, or organizations. May write or select material for release to various communications media.
27-3041	Editors	Plan, coordinate, or edit content of material for publication. May review proposals and drafts for possible publication. Includes technical editors.
27-3042	Technical Writers	Write technical materials, such as equipment manuals, appendices, or operating and maintenance instructions. May assist in layout work.
27-3043	Writers and Authors	Originate and prepare written material, such as scripts, stories, advertisements, and other material. Excludes "Public Relations Specialists" (27-3031) and "Technical Writers" (27-3042).
27-3091	Interpreters and Translators	Interpret oral or sign language, or translate written text from one language into another.
27-3099	Media and Communication Workers, All Other	All media and communication workers not listed separately.
27-4011	Audio and Video Equipment Technicians	Set up, or set up and operate audio and video equipment including microphones, sound speakers, video screens, projectors, video monitors, recording equipment, connecting wires and cables, sound and mixing boards, and related electronic equipment for concerts, sports events, meetings and conventions, presentations, and news conferences. May also set up and operate associated spotlights and other custom lighting systems. Excludes "Sound Engineering Technicians" (27-4014).
27-4012	Broadcast Technicians	Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit radio and television programs. Control audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound during radio and television broadcasts. Operate transmitter to broadcast radio or television programs.
27-4013	Radio Operators	Receive and transmit communications using radiotelephone equipment in accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Excludes “Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairs” (49-2021).
27-4014	Sound Engineering Technicians	Operate machines and equipment to record, synchronize, mix, or reproduce music, voices, or sound effects in sporting arenas, theater productions, recording studios, or movie and video productions.
27-4021	Photographers	Photograph people, landscapes, merchandise, or other subjects, using digital or film cameras and equipment. May develop negatives or use computer software to produce finished images and prints. Includes scientific photographers, aerial photographers, and photojournalists.
27-4031	Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture	Operate television, video, or motion picture camera to record images or scenes for various purposes, such as TV broadcasts, advertising, video production, or motion pictures.
27-4032	Film and Video Editors	Edit moving images on film, video, or other media. May edit or synchronize soundtracks with images. Excludes “Sound Engineering Technicians”(27-4014).
27-4099	Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other	All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately.
29-1011	Chiropractors	Assess, treat, and care for patients by manipulation of spine and musculoskeletal system. May provide spinal adjustment or address sacral or pelvic misalignment.
29-1021	Dentists, General	Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care. Excludes "Prosthodontists" (29-1024), "Orthodontists" (29-1023), "Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons" (29-1022) and "Dentists, All Other Specialists" (29-1029).
29-1022	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons	Perform surgery and related procedures on the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions to treat diseases, injuries, or defects. May diagnose problems of the oral and maxillofacial regions. May perform surgery to improve function or appearance.
29-1023	Orthodontists	Examine, diagnose, and treat dental malocclusions and oral cavity anomalies. Design and fabricate appliances to realign teeth and jaws to produce and maintain normal function and to improve appearance.
29-1024	Prosthodontists	Construct oral prostheses to replace missing teeth and other oral structures to correct natural and acquired deformation of mouth and jaws, to restore and maintain oral function, such as chewing and speaking, and to improve appearance.
29-1029	Dentists, All Other Specialists	All dentists not listed separately.
29-1031	Dietitians and Nutritionists	Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to assist in the promotion of health and control of disease. May supervise activities of a department providing quantity food services, counsel individuals, or conduct nutritional research.
29-1041	Optometrists	Diagnose, manage, and treat conditions and diseases of the human eye and visual system. Examine eyes and visual system, diagnose problems or impairments, prescribe corrective lenses, and provide treatment. May prescribe therapeutic drugs to treat specific eye conditions. Ophthalmologists are included in “Physicians and Surgeons, All Other” (29-1069).
29-1051	Pharmacists	Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.
29-1061	Anesthesiologists	Physicians who administer anesthetics prior to, during, or after surgery, or other medical procedures.
29-1062	Family and General Practitioners	Physicians who diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries that commonly occur in the general population. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.
29-1063	Internists, General	Physicians who diagnose and provide non-surgical treatment of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults who have a wide range of problems associated with the internal organs. Subspecialists, such as cardiologists and gastroenterologists, are included in "Physicians and Surgeons, All Other" (29-1069).
29-1064	Obstetricians and Gynecologists	Physicians who provide medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth and those who diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, particularly those affecting the reproductive system. May also provide general medical care to women.
29-1065	Pediatricians, General	Physicians who diagnose, treat, and help prevent children's diseases and injuries.
29-1066	Psychiatrists	Physicians who diagnose, treat, and help prevent disorders of the mind.
29-1067	Surgeons	Physicians who treat diseases, injuries, and deformities by invasive, minimally-invasive, or non-invasive surgical methods, such as using instruments, appliances, or by manual manipulation. Excludes "Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons" (29-1022).
29-1069	Physicians and Surgeons, All Other	All physicians and surgeons not listed separately.
29-1071	Physician Assistants	Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants. Excludes "Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics" (29-2041), "Medical Assistants" (31-9092), "Registered Nurses" (29-1141), “Nurse Anesthetists” (29-1151), “Nurse Midwives” (29-1161), and “Nurse Practitioners” (29-1171).
29-1081	Podiatrists	Diagnose and treat diseases and deformities of the human foot.
29-1122	Occupational Therapists	Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays.
29-1123	Physical Therapists	Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury.
29-1124	Radiation Therapists	Provide radiation therapy to patients as prescribed by a radiologist according to established practices and standards. Duties may include reviewing prescription and diagnosis; acting as liaison with physician and supportive care personnel; preparing equipment, such as immobilization, treatment, and protection devices; and maintaining records, reports, and files. May assist in dosimetry procedures and tumor localization.
29-1125	Recreational Therapists	Plan, direct, or coordinate medically-approved recreation programs for patients in hospitals, nursing homes, or other institutions. Activities include sports, trips, dramatics, social activities, and arts and crafts. May assess a patient condition and recommend appropriate recreational activity. Excludes “Recreation Workers” (39-9032).
29-1126	Respiratory Therapists	Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathing disorders. Assume primary responsibility for all respiratory care modalities, including the supervision of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate and conduct therapeutic procedures; maintain patient records; and select, assemble, check, and operate equipment.
29-1127	Speech-Language Pathologists	Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems.
29-1128	Exercise Physiologists	Assess, plan, or implement fitness programs that include exercise or physical activities such as those designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility. Excludes “Physical Therapists” (29-1123), “Athletic Trainers” (29-9091), and “Fitness Trainers and Aerobic Instructors” (39-9031).
29-1129	Therapists, All Other	All therapists not listed separately.
29-1131	Veterinarians	Diagnose, treat, or research diseases and injuries of animals. Includes veterinarians who conduct research and development, inspect livestock, or care for pets and companion animals.
29-1141	Registered Nurses	Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required. Includes Clinical Nurse Specialists. Excludes “Nurse Anesthetists” (29-1151), “Nurse Midwives” (29-1161), and “Nurse Practitioners” (29-1171).
29-1151	Nurse Anesthetists	Administer anesthesia, monitor patient’s vital signs, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia. May assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
29-1161	Nurse Midwives	Diagnose and coordinate all aspects of the birthing process, either independently or as part of a healthcare team. May provide well-woman gynecological care. Must have specialized, graduate nursing education.
29-1171	Nurse Practitioners	Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
29-1181	Audiologists	Assess and treat persons with hearing and related disorders. May fit hearing aids and provide auditory training. May perform research related to hearing problems.
29-1199	Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other	All health diagnosing and treating practitioners not listed separately.
29-2011	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	Perform complex medical laboratory tests for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May train or supervise staff.
29-2012	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	Perform routine medical laboratory tests for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May work under the supervision of a medical technologist.
29-2021	Dental Hygienists	Clean teeth and examine oral areas, head, and neck for signs of oral disease. May educate patients on oral hygiene, take and develop x rays, or apply fluoride or sealants.
29-2031	Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians	Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests. Includes vascular technologists.
29-2032	Diagnostic Medical Sonographers	Produce ultrasonic recordings of internal organs for use by physicians.
29-2033	Nuclear Medicine Technologists	Prepare, administer, and measure radioactive isotopes in therapeutic, diagnostic, and tracer studies using a variety of radioisotope equipment. Prepare stock solutions of radioactive materials and calculate doses to be administered by radiologists. Subject patients to radiation. Execute blood volume, red cell survival, and fat absorption studies following standard laboratory techniques.
29-2034	Radiologic Technologists	Take x rays and CAT scans or administer nonradioactive materials into patient's blood stream for diagnostic purposes. Includes technologists who specialize in other scanning modalities. Excludes “Diagnostic Medical Sonographers”(29-2032) and “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists” (29-2035).
29-2035	Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists	Operate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Monitor patient safety and comfort, and view images of area being scanned to ensure quality of pictures. May administer gadolinium contrast dosage intravenously. May interview patient, explain MRI procedures, and position patient on examining table. May enter into the computer data such as patient history, anatomical area to be scanned, orientation specified, and position of entry.
29-2041	Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	Assess injuries, administer emergency medical care, and extricate trapped individuals. Transport injured or sick persons to medical facilities.
29-2051	Dietetic Technicians	Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals.
29-2052	Pharmacy Technicians	Prepare medications under the direction of a pharmacist. May measure, mix, count out, label, and record amounts and dosages of medications according to prescription orders.
29-2053	Psychiatric Technicians	Care for individuals with mental or emotional conditions or disabilities, following the instructions of physicians or other health practitioners. Monitor patients' physical and emotional well-being and report to medical staff. May participate in rehabilitation and treatment programs, help with personal hygiene, and administer oral or injectable medications.
29-2054	Respiratory Therapy Technicians	Provide respiratory care under the direction of respiratory therapists and physicians.
29-2055	Surgical Technologists	Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons, registered nurses, or other surgical personnel. May help set up operating room, prepare and transport patients for surgery, adjust lights and equipment, pass instruments and other supplies to surgeons and surgeon's assistants, hold retractors, cut sutures, and help count sponges, needles, supplies, and instruments.
29-2056	Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	Perform medical tests in a laboratory environment for use in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases in animals. Prepare vaccines and serums for prevention of diseases. Prepare tissue samples, take blood samples, and execute laboratory tests, such as urinalysis and blood counts. Clean and sterilize instruments and materials and maintain equipment and machines. May assist a veterinarian during surgery.
29-2057	Ophthalmic Medical Technicians	Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses.
29-2061	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	Care for ill, injured, or convalescing patients or persons with disabilities in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, private homes, group homes, and similar institutions. May work under the supervision of a registered nurse. Licensing required.
29-2071	Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	Compile, process, and maintain medical records of hospital and clinic patients in a manner consistent with medical, administrative, ethical, legal, and regulatory requirements of the health care system. Process, maintain, compile, and report patient information for health requirements and standards in a manner consistent with the healthcare industry’s numerical coding system. Excludes “File Clerks” (43-4071).
29-2081	Opticians, Dispensing	Design, measure, fit, and adapt lenses and frames for client according to written optical prescription or specification. Assist client with inserting, removing, and caring for contact lenses. Assist client with selecting frames. Measure customer for size of eyeglasses and coordinate frames with facial and eye measurements and optical prescription. Prepare work order for optical laboratory containing instructions for grinding and mounting lenses in frames. Verify exactness of finished lens spectacles. Adjust frame and lens position to fit client. May shape or reshape frames. Includes contact lens opticians.
29-2091	Orthotists and Prosthetists	Design, measure, fit, and adapt orthopedic braces, appliances or prostheses, such as limbs or facial parts for patients with disabling conditions.
29-2092	Hearing Aid Specialists	Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes “Audiologists” (29-1181).
29-2099	Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other	All health technologists and technicians not listed separately.
29-9011	Occupational Health and Safety Specialists	Review, evaluate, and analyze work environments and design programs and procedures to control, eliminate, and prevent disease or injury caused by chemical, physical, and biological agents or ergonomic factors. May conduct inspections and enforce adherence to laws and regulations governing the health and safety of individuals. May be employed in the public or private sector. Includes environmental protection officers.
29-9012	Occupational Health and Safety Technicians	Collect data on work environments for analysis by occupational health and safety specialists. Implement and conduct evaluation of programs designed to limit chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic risks to workers.
29-9091	Athletic Trainers	Evaluate and advise individuals to assist recovery from or avoid athletic-related injuries or illnesses, or maintain peak physical fitness. May provide first aid or emergency care.
29-9092	Genetic Counselors	Assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Provide information to other healthcare providers or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Advise individuals and families to support informed decisionmaking and coping methods for those at risk. May help conduct research related to genetic conditions or genetic counseling.
29-9099	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other	All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately.
31-1011	Home Health Aides	Provide routine individualized healthcare such as changing bandages and dressing wounds, and applying topical medications to the elderly, convalescents, or persons with disabilities at the patient’s home or in a care facility. Monitor or report changes in health status. May also provide personal care such as bathing, dressing, and grooming of patient.
31-1013	Psychiatric Aides	Assist mentally impaired or emotionally disturbed patients, working under direction of nursing and medical staff. May assist with daily living activities, lead patients in educational and recreational activities, or accompany patients to and from examinations and treatments. May restrain violent patients. Includes psychiatric orderlies.
31-1014	Nursing Assistants	Provide basic patient care under direction of nursing staff. Perform duties such as feed, bathe, dress, groom, or move patients, or change linens. May transfer or transport patients. Includes nursing care attendants, nursing aides, and nursing attendants. Excludes “Home Health Aides” (31-1011), “Orderlies” (31-1015), “Personal Care Aides” (39-9021), and “Psychiatric Aides” (31-1013).
31-1015	Orderlies	Transport patients to areas such as operating rooms or x-ray rooms using wheelchairs, stretchers, or moveable beds. May maintain stocks of supplies or clean and transport equipment. Psychiatric orderlies are included in “Psychiatric Aides” (31-1013). Excludes “Nursing Assistants” (31-1014).
31-2011	Occupational Therapy Assistants	Assist occupational therapists in providing occupational therapy treatments and procedures. May, in accordance with State laws, assist in development of treatment plans, carry out routine functions, direct activity programs, and document the progress of treatments. Generally requires formal training.
31-2012	Occupational Therapy Aides	Under close supervision of an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant, perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing patient and treatment room.
31-2021	Physical Therapist Assistants	Assist physical therapists in providing physical therapy treatments and procedures. May, in accordance with State laws, assist in the development of treatment plans, carry out routine functions, document the progress of treatment, and modify specific treatments in accordance with patient status and within the scope of treatment plans established by a physical therapist. Generally requires formal training.
31-2022	Physical Therapist Aides	Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant, perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area.
31-9011	Massage Therapists	Perform therapeutic massages of soft tissues and joints. May assist in the assessment of range of motion and muscle strength, or propose client therapy plans.
31-9091	Dental Assistants	Assist dentist, set up equipment, prepare patient for treatment, and keep records.
31-9092	Medical Assistants	Perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of a physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician. Excludes "Physician Assistants" (29-1071).
31-9093	Medical Equipment Preparers	Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment.
31-9094	Medical Transcriptionists	Transcribe medical reports recorded by physicians and other healthcare practitioners using various electronic devices, covering office visits, emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, operations, chart reviews, and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate abbreviations into fully understandable form. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form for review and signature, or correction.
31-9095	Pharmacy Aides	Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling.
31-9096	Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	Feed, water, and examine pets and other nonfarm animals for signs of illness, disease, or injury in laboratories and animal hospitals and clinics. Clean and disinfect cages and work areas, and sterilize laboratory and surgical equipment. May provide routine post-operative care, administer medication orally or topically, or prepare samples for laboratory examination under the supervision of veterinary or laboratory animal technologists or technicians, veterinarians, or scientists. Excludes "Nonfarm Animal Caretakers" (39-2021).
31-9097	Phlebotomists	Draw blood for tests, transfusions, donations, or research. May explain the procedure to patients and assist in the recovery of patients with adverse reactions.
31-9099	Healthcare Support Workers, All Other	All healthcare support workers not listed separately
33-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers.
33-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force.
33-1021	First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in fire fighting and fire prevention and control.
33-1099	First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other	All protective service supervisors not listed separately above.
33-2011	Firefighters	Control and extinguish fires or respond to emergency situations where life, property, or the environment is at risk. Duties may include fire prevention, emergency medical service, hazardous material response, search and rescue, and disaster assistance.
33-2021	Fire Inspectors and Investigators	Inspect buildings to detect fire hazards and enforce local ordinances and State laws, or investigate and gather facts to determine cause of fires and explosions.
33-2022	Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists	Enforce fire regulations, inspect forest for fire hazards and recommend forest fire prevention or control measures. May report forest fires and weather conditions.
33-3011	Bailiffs	Maintain order in courts of law.
33-3012	Correctional Officers and Jailers	Guard inmates in penal or rehabilitative institutions in accordance with established regulations and procedures. May guard prisoners in transit between jail, courtroom, prison, or other point. Includes deputy sheriffs and police who spend the majority of their time guarding prisoners in correctional institutions.
33-3021	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	Conduct investigations related to suspected violations of Federal, State, or local laws to prevent or solve crimes. Excludes "Private Detectives and Investigators" (33-9021).
33-3031	Fish and Game Wardens	Patrol assigned area to prevent fish and game law violations. Investigate reports of damage to crops or property by wildlife. Compile biological data.
33-3041	Parking Enforcement Workers	Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles.
33-3051	Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, State, or Federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts.
33-3052	Transit and Railroad Police	Protect and police railroad and transit property, employees, or passengers.
33-9011	Animal Control Workers	Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals.
33-9021	Private Detectives and Investigators	Gather, analyze, compile and report information regarding individuals or organizations to clients, or detect occurrences of unlawful acts or infractions of rules in private establishment.
33-9031	Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators	Act as oversight and security agent for management and customers. Observe casino or casino hotel operation for irregular activities such as cheating or theft by either employees or patrons. May use one-way mirrors above the casino floor, cashier's cage, and from desk. Use of audio/video equipment is also common to observe operation of the business. Usually required to provide verbal and written reports of all violations and suspicious behavior to supervisor.
33-9032	Security Guards	Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to prevent theft, violence, or infractions of rules. May operate x-ray and metal detector equipment. Excludes “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093).
33-9091	Crossing Guards	Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites.
33-9092	Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service	Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes to provide assistance and protection to participants.
33-9093	Transportation Security Screeners	Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints.
33-9099	Protective Service Workers, All Other	All protective service workers not listed separately.
35-1011	Chefs and Head Cooks	Direct and may participate in the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, fish, meats, vegetables, desserts, or other foods. May plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts.
35-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food.
35-2011	Cooks, Fast Food	Prepare and cook food in a fast food restaurant with a limited menu. Duties of these cooks are limited to preparation of a few basic items and normally involve operating large-volume single-purpose cooking equipment.
35-2012	Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	Prepare and cook large quantities of food for institutions, such as schools, hospitals, or cafeterias.
35-2013	Cooks, Private Household	Prepare meals in private homes. Includes personal chefs.
35-2014	Cooks, Restaurant	Prepare, season, and cook dishes such as soups, meats, vegetables, or desserts in restaurants. May order supplies, keep records and accounts, price items on menu, or plan menu.
35-2015	Cooks, Short Order	Prepare and cook to order a variety of foods that require only a short preparation time. May take orders from customers and serve patrons at counters or tables. Excludes "Fast Food Cooks" (35-2011).
35-2019	Cooks, All Other	All cooks not listed separately.
35-2021	Food Preparation Workers	Perform a variety of food preparation duties other than cooking, such as preparing cold foods and shellfish, slicing meat, and brewing coffee or tea.
35-3011	Bartenders	Mix and serve drinks to patrons, directly or through waitstaff.
35-3021	Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	Perform duties which combine preparing and serving food and nonalcoholic beverages.
35-3022	Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	Serve food to diners at counter or from a steam table. Counter attendants who also wait tables are included in "Waiters and Waitresses" (35-3031).
35-3031	Waiters and Waitresses	Take orders and serve food and beverages to patrons at tables in dining establishment. Excludes "Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop" (35-3022).
35-3041	Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	Serve food to individuals outside of a restaurant environment, such as in hotel rooms, hospital rooms, residential care facilities, or cars. Excludes "Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers" (41-9091) and "Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop" (35-3022).
35-9011	Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	Facilitate food service. Clean tables, remove dirty dishes, replace soiled table linens; set tables; replenish supply of clean linens, silverware, glassware, and dishes; supply service bar with food; and serve items such as water, condiments, and coffee to patrons.
35-9021	Dishwashers	Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils.
35-9031	Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	Welcome patrons, seat them at tables or in lounge, and help ensure quality of facilities and service.
35-9099	Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other	All food preparation and serving related workers not listed separately.
37-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments.
37-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements; answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges; and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs.
37-2011	Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Keep buildings in clean and orderly condition. Perform heavy cleaning duties, such as cleaning floors, shampooing rugs, washing walls and glass, and removing rubbish. Duties may include tending furnace and boiler, performing routine maintenance activities, notifying management of need for repairs, and cleaning snow or debris from sidewalk.
37-2012	Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming.
37-2019	Building Cleaning Workers, All Other	All building cleaning workers not listed separately.
37-2021	Pest Control Workers	Apply or release chemical solutions or toxic gases and set traps to kill or remove pests and vermin that infest buildings and surrounding areas.
37-3011	Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	Landscape or maintain grounds of property using hand or power tools or equipment. Workers typically perform a variety of tasks, which may include any combination of the following: sod laying, mowing, trimming, planting, watering, fertilizing, digging, raking, sprinkler installation, and installation of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units. Excludes "Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse" (45-2092).
37-3012	Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation	Mix or apply pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides through sprays, dusts, vapors, soil incorporation, or chemical application on trees, shrubs, lawns, or botanical crops. Usually requires specific training and State or Federal certification. Excludes "Commercial Pilots" (53-2012) who dust or spray crops from aircraft.
37-3013	Tree Trimmers and Pruners	Using sophisticated climbing and rigging techniques, cut away dead or excess branches from trees or shrubs to maintain right-of-way for roads, sidewalks, or utilities, or to improve appearance, health, and value of tree. Prune or treat trees or shrubs using handsaws, hand pruners, clippers, and power pruners. Works off the ground in the tree canopy and may use truck-mounted lifts. Excludes workers who primarily perform duties of "Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation" (37-3012) and "Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers" (37-3011).
37-3019	Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other	All grounds maintenance workers not listed separately.
39-1011	Gaming Supervisors	Supervise and coordinate activities of workers in assigned gaming areas. Circulate among tables and observe operations. Ensure that stations and games are covered for each shift. May explain and interpret operating rules of house to patrons. May plan and organize activities and services for guests in hotels/casinos. May address service complaints. Excludes "Slot Supervisors" (39-1012).
39-1012	Slot Supervisors	Supervise and coordinate activities of slot department workers to provide service to patrons. Handle and settle complaints of players. Verify and pay off jackpots. Reset slot machines after payoffs. Make repairs or adjustments to slot machines or recommend removal of slot machines for repair. Report hazards and enforce safety rules.
39-1021	First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers, such as flight attendants, hairdressers, or caddies.
39-2011	Animal Trainers	Train animals for riding, harness, security, performance, or obedience, or assisting persons with disabilities. Accustom animals to human voice and contact; and condition animals to respond to commands. Train animals according to prescribed standards for show or competition. May train animals to carry pack loads or work as part of pack team.
39-2021	Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	Feed, water, groom, bathe, exercise, or otherwise care for pets and other nonfarm animals, such as dogs, cats, ornamental fish or birds, zoo animals, and mice. Work in settings such as kennels, animal shelters, zoos, circuses, and aquariums. May keep records of feedings, treatments, and animals received or discharged. May clean, disinfect, and repair cages, pens, or fish tanks. Excludes "Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers" (31-9096).
39-3011	Gaming Dealers	Operate table games. Stand or sit behind table and operate games of chance by dispensing the appropriate number of cards or blocks to players, or operating other gaming equipment. Distribute winnings or collect players' money or chips. May compare the house's hand against players' hands.
39-3012	Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners	Post information enabling patrons to wager on various races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of games such as keno and bingo. May operate random number generating equipment and announce the numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record patrons' wagers. Scan and process winning tickets presented by patrons and payout winnings for those wagers.
39-3019	Gaming Service Workers, All Other	All gaming service workers not listed separately.
39-3021	Motion Picture Projectionists	Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment.
39-3031	Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and locating such facilities as rest rooms and telephones.
39-3091	Amusement and Recreation Attendants	Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides.
39-3092	Costume Attendants	Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances.
39-3093	Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms.
39-3099	Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other	All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately.
39-4011	Embalmers	Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements.
39-4021	Funeral Attendants	Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service; arranging floral offerings or lights around casket; directing or escorting mourners; closing casket; and issuing and storing funeral equipment.
39-4031	Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors	Perform various tasks to arrange and direct funeral services, such as coordinating transportation of body to mortuary, interviewing family or other authorized person to arrange details, selecting pallbearers, aiding with the selection of officials for religious rites, and providing transportation for mourners. Excludes “Funeral Service Managers” (11-9061).
39-5011	Barbers	Provide barbering services, such as cutting, trimming, shampooing, and styling hair, trimming beards, or giving shaves.
39-5012	Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	Provide beauty services, such as shampooing, cutting, coloring, and styling hair, and massaging and treating scalp. May apply makeup, dress wigs, perform hair removal, and provide nail and skin care services. Excludes "Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance (39-5091), "Manicurists and Pedicurists" (39-5092), and "Skincare Specialists" (39-5094).
39-5091	Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance	Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role.
39-5092	Manicurists and Pedicurists	Clean and shape customers' fingernails and toenails. May polish or decorate nails.
39-5093	Shampooers	Shampoo and rinse customers' hair.
39-5094	Skincare Specialists	Provide skincare treatments to face and body to enhance an individual’s appearance. Includes electrologists and laser hair removal specialists.
39-6011	Baggage Porters and Bellhops	Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments.
39-6012	Concierges	Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages, arrange or give advice on transportation, business services or entertainment, or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance.
39-7011	Tour Guides and Escorts	Escort individuals or groups on sightseeing tours or through places of interest, such as industrial establishments, public buildings, and art galleries.
39-7012	Travel Guides	Plan, organize, and conduct long distance travel , tours, and expeditions for individuals and groups.
39-9011	Childcare Workers	Attend to children at schools, businesses, private households, and childcare institutions. Perform a variety of tasks, such as dressing, feeding, bathing, and overseeing play. Excludes "Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education" (25-2011) and "Teacher Assistants" (25-9041).
39-9021	Personal Care Aides	Assist the elderly, convalescents, or persons with disabilities with daily living activities at the person's home or in a care facility. Duties performed at a place of residence may include keeping house (making beds, doing laundry, washing dishes) and preparing meals. May provide assistance at non-residential care facilities. May advise families, the elderly, convalescents, and persons with disabilities regarding such things as nutrition, cleanliness, and household activities.
39-9031	Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors	Instruct or coach groups or individuals in exercise activities. Demonstrate techniques and form, observe participants, and explain to them corrective measures necessary to improve their skills. Excludes teachers classified in 25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations. Excludes “Coaches and Scouts” (27-2022) and "Athletic Trainers" (29-9091).
39-9032	Recreation Workers	Conduct recreation activities with groups in public, private, or volunteer agencies or recreation facilities. Organize and promote activities, such as arts and crafts, sports, games, music, dramatics, social recreation, camping, and hobbies, taking into account the needs and interests of individual members.
39-9041	Residential Advisors	Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources.
39-9099	Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	All personal care and service workers not listed separately.
41-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
41-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties, such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
41-2011	Cashiers	Receive and disburse money in establishments other than financial institutions. May use electronic scanners, cash registers, or related equipment. May process credit or debit card transactions and validate checks. Excludes “Gaming Cage Persons and Booth Cashiers” (41-2012).
41-2012	Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons' money. May issue payoffs and obtain customer's signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes “Cashiers” (41-2011).
41-2021	Counter and Rental Clerks	Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes “Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop” (35-3022), “Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks” (43-4081), “Order Clerks” (43-4151), and “Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks” (43-4181).
41-2022	Parts Salespersons	Sell spare and replacement parts and equipment in repair shop or parts store.
41-2031	Retail Salespersons	Sell merchandise, such as furniture, motor vehicles, appliances, or apparel to consumers. Excludes "Cashiers" (41-2011).
41-3011	Advertising Sales Agents	Sell or solicit advertising space, time, or media in publications, signage, TV, radio, or Internet establishments or public spaces.
41-3021	Insurance Sales Agents	Sell life, property, casualty, health, automotive, or other types of insurance. May refer clients to independent brokers, work as an independent broker, or be employed by an insurance company.
41-3031	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Buy and sell securities or commodities in investment and trading firms, or provide financial services to businesses and individuals. May advise customers about stocks, bonds, mutual funds, commodities, and market conditions.
41-3041	Travel Agents	Plan and sell transportation and accommodations for travel agency customers. Determine destination, modes of transportation, travel dates, costs, and accommodations required. May also describe, plan, and arrange itineraries and sell tour packages. May assist in resolving clients’ travel problems.
41-3099	Sales Representatives, Services, All Other	All services sales representatives not listed separately.
41-4011	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers where technical or scientific knowledge is required in such areas as biology, engineering, chemistry, and electronics, normally obtained from at least 2 years of post-secondary education. Excludes “Sales Engineers” (41-9031).
41-4012	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.
41-9011	Demonstrators and Product Promoters	Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise.
41-9012	Models	Model garments or other apparel and accessories for prospective buyers at fashion shows, private showings, or retail establishments. May pose for photos to be used in magazines or advertisements. May pose as subject for paintings, sculptures, and other types of artistic expression.
41-9021	Real Estate Brokers	Operate real estate office, or work for commercial real estate firm, overseeing real estate transactions. Other duties usually include selling real estate or renting properties and arranging loans.
41-9022	Real Estate Sales Agents	Rent, buy, or sell property for clients. Perform duties, such as study property listings, interview prospective clients, accompany clients to property site, discuss conditions of sale, and draw up real estate contracts. Includes agents who represent buyer.
41-9031	Sales Engineers	Sell business goods or services, the selling of which requires a technical background equivalent to a baccalaureate degree in engineering. Excludes "Engineers" (17-2011 through 17-2199) whose primary function is not marketing or sales.
41-9041	Telemarketers	Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone.
41-9091	Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street.
41-9099	Sales and Related Workers, All Other	All sales and related workers not listed separately.
43-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.
43-2011	Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages.
43-2021	Telephone Operators	Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls.
43-2099	Communications Equipment Operators, All Other	All communications equipment operators not listed separately.
43-3011	Bill and Account Collectors	Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit to solicit payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer's account; preparing statements to credit department if customer fails to respond; initiating repossession proceedings or service disconnection; and keeping records of collection and status of accounts.
43-3021	Billing and Posting Clerks	Compile, compute, and record billing, accounting, statistical, and other numerical data for billing purposes. Prepare billing invoices for services rendered or for delivery or shipment of goods.
43-3031	Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	Compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. Perform any combination of routine calculating, posting, and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records. May also check the accuracy of figures, calculations, and postings pertaining to business transactions recorded by other workers. Excludes “Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks” (43-3051).
43-3041	Gaming Cage Workers	In a gaming establishment, conduct financial transactions for patrons. May reconcile daily summaries of transactions to balance books. Accept patron's credit application and verify credit references to provide check-cashing authorization or to establish house credit accounts. May sell gambling chips, tokens, or tickets to patrons, or to other workers for resale to patrons. May convert gaming chips, tokens, or tickets to currency upon patron's request. May use a cash register or computer to record transaction.
43-3051	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	Compile and record employee time and payroll data. May compute employees' time worked, production, and commission. May compute and post wages and deductions, or prepare paychecks. Excludes “Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks” (43-3031).
43-3061	Procurement Clerks	Compile information and records to draw up purchase orders for procurement of materials and services.
43-3071	Tellers	Receive and pay out money. Keep records of money and negotiable instruments involved in a financial institution's various transactions.
43-3099	Financial Clerks, All Other	All financial clerks not listed separately.
43-4011	Brokerage Clerks	Perform duties related to the purchase, sale or holding of securities. Duties include writing orders for stock purchases or sales, computing transfer taxes, verifying stock transactions, accepting and delivering securities, tracking stock price fluctuations, computing equity, distributing dividends, and keeping records of daily transactions and holdings.
43-4021	Correspondence Clerks	Compose letters or electronic correspondence in reply to requests for merchandise, damage claims, credit and other information, delinquent accounts, incorrect billings, or unsatisfactory services. Duties may include gathering data to formulate reply and preparing correspondence.
43-4031	Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees. Clerks of Court are classified in “Managers, All Other” (11-9199).
43-4041	Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks	Authorize credit charges against customers' accounts. Investigate history and credit standing of individuals or business establishments applying for credit. May interview applicants to obtain personal and financial data; determine credit worthiness; process applications; and notify customers of acceptance or rejection of credit.
43-4051	Customer Service Representatives	Interact with customers to provide information in response to inquiries about products and services and to handle and resolve complaints. Excludes individuals whose duties are primarily installation, sales, or repair.
43-4061	Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	Determine eligibility of persons applying to receive assistance from government programs and agency resources, such as welfare, unemployment benefits, social security, and public housing.
43-4071	File Clerks	File correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts, and other records in alphabetical or numerical order or according to the filing system used. Locate and remove material from file when requested.
43-4081	Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	Accommodate hotel, motel, and resort patrons by registering and assigning rooms to guests, issuing room keys or cards, transmitting and receiving messages, keeping records of occupied rooms and guests' accounts, making and confirming reservations, and presenting statements to and collecting payments from departing guests.
43-4111	Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	Interview persons by telephone, mail, in person, or by other means for the purpose of completing forms, applications, or questionnaires. Ask specific questions, record answers, and assist persons with completing form. May sort, classify, and file forms.
43-4121	Library Assistants, Clerical	Compile records, sort, shelve, issue, and receive library materials such as books, electronic media, pictures, cards, slides and microfilm. Locate library materials for loan and replace material in shelving area, stacks, or files according to identification number and title. Register patrons to permit them to borrow books, periodicals, and other library materials. Excludes “Library Technicians” (25-4031).
43-4131	Loan Interviewers and Clerks	Interview loan applicants to elicit information; investigate applicants' backgrounds and verify references; prepare loan request papers; and forward findings, reports, and documents to appraisal department. Review loan papers to ensure completeness, and complete transactions between loan establishment, borrowers, and sellers upon approval of loan.
43-4141	New Accounts Clerks	Interview persons desiring to open accounts in financial institutions. Explain account services available to prospective customers and assist them in preparing applications.
43-4151	Order Clerks	Receive and process incoming orders for materials, merchandise, classified ads, or services such as repairs, installations, or rental of facilities. Generally receives orders via mail, phone, fax, or other electronic means. Duties include informing customers of receipt, prices, shipping dates, and delays; preparing contracts; and handling complaints. Excludes "Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance" (43-5032) who both dispatch and take orders for services.
43-4161	Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	Compile and keep personnel records. Record data for each employee, such as address, weekly earnings, absences, amount of sales or production, supervisory reports, and date of and reason for termination. May prepare reports for employment records, file employment records, or search employee files and furnish information to authorized persons.
43-4171	Receptionists and Information Clerks	Answer inquiries and provide information to the general public, customers, visitors, and other interested parties regarding activities conducted at establishment and location of departments, offices, and employees within the organization. Excludes "Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service" (43-2011).
43-4181	Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	Make and confirm reservations for transportation or lodging, or sell transportation tickets. May check baggage and direct passengers to designated concourse, pier, or track; deliver tickets, contact individuals and groups to inform them of package tours; or provide tourists with travel or transportation information. Excludes "Travel Agents" (41-3041), "Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks" (43-4081), and "Cashiers" (41-2011) who sell tickets for local transportation.
43-4199	Information and Record Clerks, All Other	All information and record clerks not listed separately.
43-5011	Cargo and Freight Agents	Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals, and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs.
43-5021	Couriers and Messengers	Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes "Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers" (53-3033).
43-5031	Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers	Operate radio, telephone, or computer equipment at emergency response centers. Receive reports from the public of crimes, disturbances, fires, and medical or police emergencies. Relay information to law enforcement and emergency response personnel. May maintain contact with caller until responders arrive.
43-5032	Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance	Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress.
43-5041	Meter Readers, Utilities	Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam.
43-5051	Postal Service Clerks	Perform any combination of tasks in a post office, such as receive letters and parcels; sell postage and revenue stamps, postal cards, and stamped envelopes; fill out and sell money orders; place mail in pigeon holes of mail rack or in bags; and examine mail for correct postage.
43-5052	Postal Service Mail Carriers	Sort mail for delivery. Deliver mail on established route by vehicle or on foot.
43-5053	Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Examine, sort, and route mail. Load, operate, and occasionally adjust and repair mail processing, sorting, and canceling machinery. Keep records of shipments, pouches, and sacks; and other duties related to mail handling within the postal service. Excludes "Postal Service Clerks" (43-5051) and "Postal Service Mail Carriers" (43-5052).
43-5061	Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	Coordinate and expedite the flow of work and materials within or between departments of an establishment according to production schedule. Duties include reviewing and distributing production, work, and shipment schedules; conferring with department supervisors to determine progress of work and completion dates; and compiling reports on progress of work, inventory levels, costs, and production problems. Excludes "Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping" (43-5111).
43-5071	Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	Verify and maintain records on incoming and outgoing shipments. Prepare items for shipment. Duties include assembling, addressing, stamping, and shipping merchandise or material; receiving, unpacking, verifying and recording incoming merchandise or material; and arranging for the transportation of products. Excludes "Stock Clerks and Order Fillers" (43-5081) and "Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping" (43-5111).
43-5081	Stock Clerks and Order Fillers	Receive, store, and issue sales floor merchandise, materials, equipment, and other items from stockroom, warehouse, or storage yard to fill shelves, racks, tables, or customers' orders. May mark prices on merchandise and set up sales displays. Excludes "Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand" (53-7062), and "Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks" (43-5071).
43-5111	Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping	Weigh, measure, and check materials, supplies, and equipment for the purpose of keeping relevant records. Duties are primarily clerical by nature. Includes workers who collect and keep record of samples of products or materials. Excludes "Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers" (51-9061).
43-6011	Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, handling information requests, and performing clerical functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff. Excludes "Secretaries" (43-6012 through 43-6014).
43-6012	Legal Secretaries	Perform secretarial duties using legal terminology, procedures, and documents. Prepare legal papers and correspondence, such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May also assist with legal research.
43-6013	Medical Secretaries	Perform secretarial duties using specific knowledge of medical terminology and hospital, clinic, or laboratory procedures. Duties may include scheduling appointments, billing patients, and compiling and recording medical charts, reports, and correspondence.
43-6014	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	Perform routine clerical and administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers. Excludes legal, medical, and executive secretaries (43-6011 through 43-6013).
43-9011	Computer Operators	Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions. Monitor and respond to operating and error messages. May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices. Excludes “Computer Occupations” (15-1100) and "Data Entry Keyers" (43-9021).
43-9021	Data Entry Keyers	Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes "Word Processors and Typists" (43-9022).
43-9022	Word Processors and Typists	Use word processor, computer or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes “Data Entry Keyers" (43-9021), "Secretaries and Administrative Assistants" (43-6011 through 43-6014), "Court Reporters" (23-2091), and "Medical Transcriptionists" (31-9094).
43-9031	Desktop Publishers	Format typescript and graphic elements using computer software to produce publication-ready material.
43-9041	Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	Process new insurance policies, modifications to existing policies, and claims forms. Obtain information from policyholders to verify the accuracy and completeness of information on claims forms, applications and related documents, and company records. Update existing policies and company records to reflect changes requested by policyholders and insurance company representatives. Excludes “Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators" (13-1031).
43-9051	Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Use hand or mail handling machines to time stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail; and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms.
43-9061	Office Clerks, General	Perform duties too varied and diverse to be classified in any specific office clerical occupation, requiring knowledge of office systems and procedures. Clerical duties may be assigned in accordance with the office procedures of individual establishments and may include a combination of answering telephones, bookkeeping, typing or word processing, stenography, office machine operation, and filing.
43-9071	Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes “Computer Operators" (43-9011), "Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service" (43-9051) and "Billing and Posting Clerks" (43-3021).
43-9081	Proofreaders and Copy Markers	Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of Braille.
43-9111	Statistical Assistants	Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks.
43-9199	Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other	All office and administrative support workers not listed separately.
45-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes “First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers" (37-1012).
45-2011	Agricultural Inspectors	Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety.
45-2021	Animal Breeders	Select and breed animals according to their genealogy, characteristics, and offspring. May require knowledge of artificial insemination techniques and equipment use. May involve keeping records on heats, birth intervals, or pedigree. Excludes “Nonfarm Animal Caretakers" (39-2021) who may occasionally breed animals as part of their other caretaking duties. Excludes “Animal Scientists" (19-1011) whose primary function is research.
45-2041	Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products	Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes “Agricultural Inspectors" (45-2011).
45-2091	Agricultural Equipment Operators	Drive and control farm equipment to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops. May perform tasks, such as crop baling or hay bucking. May operate stationary equipment to perform post-harvest tasks, such as husking, shelling, threshing, and ginning.
45-2092	Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	Manually plant, cultivate, and harvest vegetables, fruits, nuts, horticultural specialties, and field crops. Use hand tools, such as shovels, trowels, hoes, tampers, pruning hooks, shears, and knives. Duties may include tilling soil and applying fertilizers; transplanting, weeding, thinning, or pruning crops; applying pesticides; or cleaning, grading, sorting, packing, and loading harvested products. May construct trellises, repair fences and farm buildings, or participate in irrigation activities. Excludes “Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products" (45-2041) and “Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers" (45-4011 through 45-4029).
45-2093	Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	Attend to live farm, ranch, or aquacultural animals that may include cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses and other equines, poultry, finfish, shellfish, and bees. Attend to animals produced for animal products, such as meat, fur, skins, feathers, eggs, milk, and honey. Duties may include feeding, watering, herding, grazing, castrating, branding, de-beaking, weighing, catching, and loading animals. May maintain records on animals; examine animals to detect diseases and injuries; assist in birth deliveries; and administer medications, vaccinations, or insecticides as appropriate. May clean and maintain animal housing areas. Includes workers who shear wool from sheep, and collect eggs in hatcheries.
45-2099	Agricultural Workers, All Other	All agricultural workers not listed separately.
45-3011	Fishers and Related Fishing Workers	Use nets, fishing rods, traps, or other equipment to catch and gather fish or other aquatic animals from rivers, lakes, or oceans, for human consumption or other uses. May haul game onto ship. Aquacultural laborers who work on fish farms are included in "Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals" (45-2093).
45-3021	Hunters and Trappers	Hunt and trap wild animals for human consumption, fur, feed, bait, or other purposes.
45-4011	Forest and Conservation Workers	Under supervision, perform manual labor necessary to develop, maintain, or protect areas such as forests, forested areas, woodlands, wetlands, and rangelands through such activities as raising and transporting seedlings; combating insects, pests, and diseases harmful to plant life; and building structures to control water, erosion, and leaching of soil. Includes forester aides, seedling pullers, and tree planters.
45-4021	Fallers	Use axes or chainsaws to fell trees using knowledge of tree characteristics and cutting techniques to control direction of fall and minimize tree damage.
45-4022	Logging Equipment Operators	Drive logging tractor or wheeled vehicle equipped with one or more accessories, such as bulldozer blade, frontal shear, grapple, logging arch, cable winches, hoisting rack, or crane boom, to fell tree; to skid, load, unload, or stack logs; or to pull stumps or clear brush. Logging truck drivers are included in “Heavy and Tractor Trailer Truck Drivers” (53-3032).
45-4023	Log Graders and Scalers	Grade logs or estimate the marketable content or value of logs or pulpwood in sorting yards, millpond, log deck, or similar locations. Inspect logs for defects or measure logs to determine volume. Excludes “Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products" (13-1021).
45-4029	Logging Workers, All Other	All logging workers not listed separately.
47-1011	Supervisors of Construction and Extraction Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers.
47-2011	Boilermakers	Construct, assemble, maintain, and repair stationary steam boilers and boiler house auxiliaries. Align structures or plate sections to assemble boiler frame tanks or vats, following blueprints. Work involves use of hand and power tools, plumb bobs, levels, wedges, dogs, or turnbuckles. Assist in testing assembled vessels. Direct cleaning of boilers and boiler furnaces. Inspect and repair boiler fittings, such as safety valves, regulators, automatic-control mechanisms, water columns, and auxiliary machines.
47-2021	Brickmasons and Blockmasons	Lay and bind building materials, such as brick, structural tile, concrete block, cinder block, glass block, and terra-cotta block, with mortar and other substances to construct or repair walls, partitions, arches, sewers, and other structures. Excludes “Stonemasons" (47-2022). Installers of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units are classified in "Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers" (37-3011).
47-2022	Stonemasons	Build stone structures, such as piers, walls, and abutments. Lay walks, curbstones, or special types of masonry for vats, tanks, and floors.
47-2031	Carpenters	Construct, erect, install, or repair structures and fixtures made of wood, such as concrete forms; building frameworks, including partitions, joists, studding, and rafters; and wood stairways, window and door frames, and hardwood floors. May also install cabinets, siding, drywall and batt or roll insulation. Includes brattice builders who build doors or brattices (ventilation walls or partitions) in underground passageways
47-2041	Carpet Installers	Lay and install carpet from rolls or blocks on floors. Install padding and trim flooring materials. Excludes “Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles" (47-2042).
47-2042	Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles	Apply blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing, sound-deadening, or decorative coverings to floors.
47-2043	Floor Sanders and Finishers	Scrape and sand wooden floors to smooth surfaces using floor scraper and floor sanding machine, and apply coats of finish.
47-2044	Tile and Marble Setters	Apply hard tile, marble, and wood tile to walls, floors, ceilings, and roof decks.
47-2051	Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers	Smooth and finish surfaces of poured concrete, such as floors, walks, sidewalks, roads, or curbs using a variety of hand and power tools. Align forms for sidewalks, curbs, or gutters; patch voids; and use saws to cut expansion joints. Installers of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units are classified in "Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers” (37- 3011).
47-2053	Terrazzo Workers and Finishers	Apply a mixture of cement, sand, pigment, or marble chips to floors, stairways, and cabinet fixtures to fashion durable and decorative surfaces.
47-2061	Construction Laborers	Perform tasks involving physical labor at construction sites. May operate hand and power tools of all types: air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical hoists, surveying and measuring equipment, and a variety of other equipment and instruments. May clean and prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, and clean up rubble, debris and other waste materials. May assist other craft workers. Construction laborers who primarily assist a particular craft worker are classified under "Helpers, Construction Trades" (47-3010). Excludes “Hazardous Materials Removal Workers” (47-4041).
47-2071	Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators	Operate equipment used for applying concrete, asphalt, or other materials to road beds, parking lots, or airport runways and taxiways, or equipment used for tamping gravel, dirt, or other materials. Includes concrete and asphalt paving machine operators, form tampers, tamping machine operators, and stone spreader operators.
47-2072	Pile-Driver Operators	Operate pile drivers mounted on skids, barges, crawler treads, or locomotive cranes to drive pilings for retaining walls, bulkheads, and foundations of structures, such as buildings, bridges, and piers.
47-2073	Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	Operate one or several types of power construction equipment, such as motor graders, bulldozers, scrapers, compressors, pumps, derricks, shovels, tractors, or front-end loaders to excavate, move, and grade earth, erect structures, or pour concrete or other hard surface pavement. May repair and maintain equipment in addition to other duties. Excludes “Crane and Tower Operators" (53-7021) and “Extraction Workers” (47-5000).
47-2081	Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers	Apply plasterboard or other wallboard to ceilings or interior walls of buildings. Apply or mount acoustical tiles or blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing materials to ceilings and walls of buildings to reduce or reflect sound. Materials may be of decorative quality. Includes lathers who fasten wooden, metal, or rockboard lath to walls, ceilings or partitions of buildings to provide support base for plaster, fire-proofing, or acoustical material. Excludes “Carpet Installers" (47-2041), "Carpenters" (47-2031), and "Tile and Marble Setters" (47-2044).
47-2082	Tapers	Seal joints between plasterboard or other wallboard to prepare wall surface for painting or papering.
47-2111	Electricians	Install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring, equipment, and fixtures. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. May install or service street lights, intercom systems, or electrical control systems. Excludes “Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers" (49-2098).
47-2121	Glaziers	Install glass in windows, skylights, store fronts, and display cases, or on surfaces, such as building fronts, interior walls, ceilings, and tabletops.
47-2131	Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall	Line and cover structures with insulating materials. May work with batt, roll, or blown insulation materials.
47-2132	Insulation Workers, Mechanical	Apply insulating materials to pipes or ductwork, or other mechanical systems in order to help control and maintain temperature.
47-2141	Painters, Construction and Maintenance	Paint walls, equipment, buildings, bridges, and other structural surfaces, using brushes, rollers, and spray guns. May remove old paint to prepare surface prior to painting. May mix colors or oils to obtain desired color or consistency. Excludes “Paperhangers" (47-2142).
47-2142	Paperhangers	Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered.
47-2151	Pipelayers	Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes “Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers" (51-4121).
47-2152	Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Assemble, install, alter, and repair pipelines or pipe systems that carry water, steam, air, or other liquids or gases. May install heating and cooling equipment and mechanical control systems. Includes sprinklerfitters.
47-2161	Plasterers and Stucco Masons	Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster.
47-2171	Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers	Position and secure steel bars or mesh in concrete forms in order to reinforce concrete. Use a variety of fasteners, rod-bending machines, blowtorches, and hand tools. Includes rod busters.
47-2181	Roofers	Cover roofs of structures with shingles, slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, or related materials. May spray roofs, sidings, and walls with material to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures.
47-2211	Sheet Metal Workers	Fabricate, assemble, install, and repair sheet metal products and equipment, such as ducts, control boxes, drainpipes, and furnace casings. Work may involve any of the following: setting up and operating fabricating machines to cut, bend, and straighten sheet metal; shaping metal over anvils, blocks, or forms using hammer; operating soldering and welding equipment to join sheet metal parts; or inspecting, assembling, and smoothing seams and joints of burred surfaces. Includes sheet metal duct installers who install prefabricated sheet metal ducts used for heating, air conditioning, or other purposes.
47-2221	Structural Iron and Steel Workers	Raise, place, and unite iron or steel girders, columns, and other structural members to form completed structures or structural frameworks. May erect metal storage tanks and assemble prefabricated metal buildings. Excludes “Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers" (47-2171).
47-2231	Solar Photovoltaic Installers	Assemble, install, or maintain solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on roofs or other structures in compliance with site assessment and schematics. May include measuring, cutting, assembling, and bolting structural framing and solar modules. May perform minor electrical work such as current checks. Excludes solar thermal installers who are included in “Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters” (47-2152). Excludes solar PV electricians who are included in “Electricians” (47-2111).
47-3011	Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters	Help brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, or tile and marble setters by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons or tile and marble setters are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3012	Helpers--Carpenters	Help carpenters by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist carpenters are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3013	Helpers--Electricians	Help electricians by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist electricians are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3014	Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons	Help painters, paperhangers, plasterers, or stucco masons by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist painters, paperhangers, plasterers, or stucco masons are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3015	Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Help plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, or pipelayers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, or pipelayers are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3016	Helpers--Roofers	Help roofers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist roofers are classified under "Construction Laborers" (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-3019	Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other	All construction trades helpers not listed separately.
47-4011	Construction and Building Inspectors	Inspect structures using engineering skills to determine structural soundness and compliance with specifications, building codes, and other regulations. Inspections may be general in nature or may be limited to a specific area, such as electrical systems or plumbing.
47-4021	Elevator Installers and Repairers	Assemble, install, repair, or maintain electric or hydraulic freight or passenger elevators, escalators, or dumbwaiters.
47-4031	Fence Erectors	Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools.
47-4041	Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	Identify, remove, pack, transport, or dispose of hazardous materials, including asbestos, lead-based paint, waste oil, fuel, transmission fluid, radioactive materials, or contaminated soil. Specialized training and certification in hazardous materials handling or a confined entry permit are generally required. May operate earth-moving equipment or trucks.
47-4051	Highway Maintenance Workers	Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement, repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road or plow snow from roadway. Excludes “Tree Trimmers and Pruners" (37-3013).
47-4061	Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators	Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators.
47-4071	Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners	Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping.
47-4091	Segmental Pavers	Lay out, cut, and place segmental paving units. Includes installers of bedding and restraining materials for the paving units.
47-4099	Construction and Related Workers, All Other	All construction and related workers not listed separately.
47-5011	Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas	Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud through drill hole.
47-5012	Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas	Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes “Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas” (47-5021).
47-5013	Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining	Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. May also perform similar services in mining exploration operations. Includes fishing-tool technicians.
47-5021	Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas	Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap sub-surface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators.
47-5031	Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters	Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Includes seismograph shooters. Excludes “Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas" (47-5021) who may also work with explosives.
47-5041	Continuous Mining Machine Operators	Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous operation.
47-5042	Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators	Operate machinery such as longwall shears, plows, and cutting machines to cut or channel along the face or seams of coal mines, stone quarries, or other mining surfaces to facilitate blasting, separating, or removing minerals or materials from mines or from the Earth's surface. Includes shale planers.
47-5049	Mining Machine Operators, All Other	All mining machine operators not listed separately.
47-5051	Rock Splitters, Quarry	Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammer and wedges.
47-5061	Roof Bolters, Mining	Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine.
47-5071	Roustabouts, Oil and Gas	Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed.
47-5081	Helpers--Extraction Workers	Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).
47-5099	Extraction Workers, All Other	All extraction workers not listed separately.
49-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. Excludes team or work leaders.
49-2011	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines.
49-2021	Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers	Repair, install or maintain mobile or stationary radio transmitting, broadcasting, and receiving equipment, and two-way radio communications systems used in cellular telecommunications, mobile broadband, ship-to-shore, aircraft-to-ground communications, and radio equipment in service and emergency vehicles. May test and analyze network coverage.
49-2022	Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	Install, set-up, rearrange, or remove switching, distribution, routing, and dialing equipment used in central offices or headends. Service or repair telephone, cable television, Internet, and other communications equipment on customers' property. May install communications equipment or communications wiring in buildings. Excludes “Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers” (49-9052).
49-2091	Avionics Technicians	Install, inspect, test, adjust, or repair avionics equipment, such as radar, radio, navigation, and missile control systems in aircraft or space vehicles.
49-2092	Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers	Repair, maintain, or install electric motors, wiring, or switches.
49-2093	Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment	Install, adjust, or maintain mobile electronics communication equipment, including sound, sonar, security, navigation, and surveillance systems on trains, watercraft, or other mobile equipment. Excludes “Avionics Technicians" (49-2091) and "Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles" (49-2096).
49-2094	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	Repair, test, adjust, or install electronic equipment, such as industrial controls, transmitters, and antennas. Excludes “Avionics Technicians" (49-2091), "Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles" (49-2096), and "Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment" (49-2093).
49-2095	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay	Inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays.
49-2096	Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles	Install, diagnose, or repair communications, sound, security, or navigation equipment in motor vehicles.
49-2097	Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers	Repair, adjust, or install audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment equipment.
49-2098	Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers	Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes “Electricians" (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring.
49-3011	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul aircraft engines and assemblies, such as hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Includes helicopter and aircraft engine specialists. Excludes “Avionics Technician" (49-2091).
49-3021	Automotive Body and Related Repairers	Repair and refinish automotive vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames. Excludes “Painters, Transportation Equipment" (51-9122) and "Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers" (49-3022).
49-3022	Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers	Replace or repair broken windshields and window glass in motor vehicles.
49-3023	Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul automotive vehicles. Excludes “Automotive Body and Related Repairers" (49-3021), "Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031), and "Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles" (49-2096).
49-3031	Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul buses and trucks, or maintain and repair any type of diesel engines. Includes mechanics working primarily with automobile or marine diesel engines.
49-3041	Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul farm machinery and vehicles, such as tractors, harvesters, dairy equipment, and irrigation systems. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031).
49-3042	Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul mobile mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment, such as cranes, bulldozers, graders, and conveyors, used in construction, logging, and surface mining. Excludes “Rail Car Repairers" (49-3043) and "Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031).
49-3043	Rail Car Repairers	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul railroad rolling stock, mine cars, or mass transit rail cars. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031).
49-3051	Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians	Repair and adjust electrical and mechanical equipment of inboard or inboard-outboard boat engines. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031).
49-3052	Motorcycle Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, or similar motorized vehicles.
49-3053	Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul small engines used to power lawn mowers, chain saws, recreational sporting equipment and related equipment.
49-3091	Bicycle Repairers	Repair and service bicycles.
49-3092	Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians	Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassis/towing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes “Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics" (49-3023) and "Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists" (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles.
49-3093	Tire Repairers and Changers	Repair and replace tires.
49-9011	Mechanical Door Repairers	Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics.
49-9012	Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door	Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors.
49-9021	Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	Install or repair heating, central air conditioning, or refrigeration systems, including oil burners, hot-air furnaces, and heating stoves.
49-9031	Home Appliance Repairers	Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens.
49-9041	Industrial Machinery Mechanics	Repair, install, adjust, or maintain industrial production and processing machinery or refinery and pipeline distribution systems. Excludes “Millwrights" (49-9044), "Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines" (49-3042), and "Maintenance Workers, Machinery" (49-9043).
49-9043	Maintenance Workers, Machinery	Lubricate machinery, change parts, or perform other routine machinery maintenance. Excludes “Maintenance and Repair Workers, General" (49-9071).
49-9044	Millwrights	Install, dismantle, or move machinery and heavy equipment according to layout plans, blueprints, or other drawings.
49-9045	Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons	Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits and ovens, using refractory materials.
49-9051	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	Install or repair cables or wires used in electrical power or distribution systems. May erect poles and light or heavy duty transmission towers. Excludes “Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay" (49-2095).
49-9052	Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	Install and repair telecommunications cable, including fiber optics.
49-9061	Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers	Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment.
49-9062	Medical Equipment Repairers	Test, adjust, or repair biomedical or electromedical equipment.
49-9063	Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners	Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes “Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers" (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments.
49-9064	Watch Repairers	Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers.
49-9069	Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other	All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately.
49-9071	Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of an establishment in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; boiler making; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs. Excludes “Maintenance Workers, Machinery" (49-9043).
49-9081	Wind Turbine Service Technicians	Inspect, diagnose, adjust, or repair wind turbines. Perform maintenance on wind turbine equipment including resolving electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic malfunctions.
49-9091	Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers	Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines.
49-9092	Commercial Divers	Work below surface of water, using scuba gear to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes “Fishers and Related Fishing Workers" (45-3011), "Athletes and Sports Competitors" (27-2021), and "Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers" (33-3051).
49-9093	Fabric Menders, Except Garment	Repair tears, holes, and other defects in fabrics, such as draperies, linens, parachutes, and tents.
49-9094	Locksmiths and Safe Repairers	Repair and open locks; make keys; change locks and safe combinations; and install and repair safes.
49-9095	Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers	Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings.
49-9096	Riggers	Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry.
49-9097	Signal and Track Switch Repairers	Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system.
49-9098	Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers; cleaning work area, machines, and tools; and holding materials or tools for other workers.
49-9099	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other	All, installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately.
51-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders.
51-2011	Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers	Assemble, fit, fasten, and install parts of airplanes, space vehicles, or missiles, such as tails, wings, fuselage, bulkheads, stabilizers, landing gear, rigging and control equipment, or heating and ventilating systems.
51-2021	Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers	Wind wire coils used in electrical components, such as resistors and transformers, and in electrical equipment and instruments, such as field cores, bobbins, armature cores, electrical motors, generators, and control equipment.
51-2022	Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	Assemble or modify electrical or electronic equipment, such as computers, test equipment telemetering systems, electric motors, and batteries.
51-2023	Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers	Assemble or modify electromechanical equipment or devices, such as servomechanisms, gyros, dynamometers, magnetic drums, tape drives, brakes, control linkage, actuators, and appliances.
51-2031	Engine and Other Machine Assemblers	Construct, assemble, or rebuild machines, such as engines, turbines, and similar equipment used in such industries as construction, extraction, textiles, and paper manufacturing.
51-2041	Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters	Fabricate, position, align, and fit parts of structural metal products. Shipfitters are included in “Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic” (51-4192).
51-2091	Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators	Laminate layers of fiberglass on molds to form boat decks and hulls, bodies for golf carts, automobiles, or other products.
51-2092	Team Assemblers	Work as part of a team having responsibility for assembling an entire product or component of a product. Team assemblers can perform all tasks conducted by the team in the assembly process and rotate through all or most of them rather than being assigned to a specific task on a permanent basis. May participate in making management decisions affecting the work. Includes team leaders who work as part of the team. Assemblers who continuously perform the same task are classified elsewhere in 51-2000.
51-2093	Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters	Perform precision assembling, adjusting, or calibrating, within narrow tolerances, of timing devices such as digital clocks or timing devices with electrical or electronic components. Excludes watchmakers, which are included in “Watch Repairers" (49-9064).
51-2099	Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other	All assemblers and fabricators not listed separately.
51-3011	Bakers	Mix and bake ingredients to produce breads, rolls, cookies, cakes, pies, pastries, or other baked goods. Pastry chefs in restaurants and hotels are included with "Chefs and Head Cooks" (35-1011).
51-3021	Butchers and Meat Cutters	Cut, trim, or prepare consumer-sized portions of meat for use or sale in retail establishments.
51-3022	Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers	Use hand or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood.
51-3023	Slaughterers and Meat Packers	Work in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments performing precision functions involving the preparation of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Excludes “Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers" (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting.
51-3091	Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend food or tobacco roasting, baking, or drying equipment, including hearth ovens, kiln driers, roasters, char kilns, and vacuum drying equipment.
51-3092	Food Batchmakers	Set up and operate equipment that mixes or blends ingredients used in the manufacturing of food products. Includes candy makers and cheese makers.
51-3093	Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend cooking equipment, such as steam cooking vats, deep fry cookers, pressure cookers, kettles, and boilers, to prepare food products. Excludes “Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders" (51-3091).
51-3099	Food Processing Workers, All Other	All food processing workers not listed separately
51-4011	Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic	Operate computer-controlled machines or robots to perform one or more machine functions on metal or plastic work pieces.
51-4012	Computer Numerically Controlled Machine Tool Programmers, Metal and Plastic	Develop programs to control machining or processing of metal or plastic parts by automatic machine tools, equipment, or systems.
51-4021	Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to extrude or draw thermoplastic or metal materials into tubes, rods, hoses, wire, bars, or structural shapes.
51-4022	Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend forging machines to taper, shape, or form metal or plastic parts.
51-4023	Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to roll steel or plastic forming bends, beads, knurls, rolls, or plate or to flatten, temper, or reduce gauge of material.
51-4031	Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to saw, cut, shear, slit, punch, crimp, notch, bend, or straighten metal or plastic material.
51-4032	Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend drilling machines to drill, bore, ream, mill, or countersink metal or plastic work pieces.
51-4033	Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend grinding and related tools that remove excess material or burrs from surfaces, sharpen edges or corners, or buff, hone, or polish metal or plastic work pieces.
51-4034	Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend lathe and turning machines to turn, bore, thread, form, or face metal or plastic materials, such as wire, rod, or bar stock.
51-4035	Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend milling or planing machines to mill, plane, shape, groove, or profile metal or plastic work pieces.
51-4041	Machinists	Set up and operate a variety of machine tools to produce precision parts and instruments. Includes precision instrument makers who fabricate, modify, or repair mechanical instruments. May also fabricate and modify parts to make or repair machine tools or maintain industrial machines, applying knowledge of mechanics, mathematics, metal properties, layout, and machining procedures.
51-4051	Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend furnaces, such as gas, oil, coal, electric-arc or electric induction, open-hearth, or oxygen furnaces, to melt and refine metal before casting or to produce specified types of steel. Excludes “Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic" (51-4191).
51-4052	Pourers and Casters, Metal	Operate hand-controlled mechanisms to pour and regulate the flow of molten metal into molds to produce castings or ingots.
51-4061	Model Makers, Metal and Plastic	Set up and operate machines, such as lathes, milling and engraving machines, and jig borers to make working models of metal or plastic objects. Includes template makers.
51-4062	Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic	Lay out, machine, fit, and assemble castings and parts to metal or plastic foundry patterns, core boxes, or match plates.
51-4071	Foundry Mold and Coremakers	Make or form wax or sand cores or molds used in the production of metal castings in foundries.
51-4072	Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend metal or plastic molding, casting, or coremaking machines to mold or cast metal or thermoplastic parts or products.
51-4081	Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend more than one type of cutting or forming machine tool or robot.
51-4111	Tool and Die Makers	Analyze specifications, lay out metal stock, set up and operate machine tools, and fit and assemble parts to make and repair dies, cutting tools, jigs, fixtures, gauges, and machinists' hand tools.
51-4121	Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers	Use hand-welding, flame-cutting, hand soldering, or brazing equipment to weld or join metal components or to fill holes, indentations, or seams of fabricated metal products.
51-4122	Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend welding, soldering, or brazing machines or robots that weld, braze, solder, or heat treat metal products, components, or assemblies. Includes workers who operate laser cutters or laser-beam machines.
51-4191	Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend heating equipment, such as heat-treating furnaces, flame-hardening machines, induction machines, soaking pits, or vacuum equipment to temper, harden, anneal, or heat-treat metal or plastic objects.
51-4192	Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic	Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters.
51-4193	Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend plating or coating machines to coat metal or plastic products with chromium, zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, or other metal to protect or decorate surfaces. Includes electrolytic processes.
51-4194	Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners	Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects.
51-4199	Metal Workers and Plastic Workers, All Other	All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately.
51-5111	Prepress Technician and Workers	Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates.
51-5112	Printing Press Operators	Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses.
51-5113	Print Binding and Finishing Workers	Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines.
51-6011	Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles.
51-6021	Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	Press or shape articles by hand or machine.
51-6031	Sewing Machine Operators	Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products.
51-6041	Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers	Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles.
51-6042	Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts.
51-6051	Sewers, Hand	Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers. Excludes “Fabric Menders, Except Garment" (49-9093).
51-6052	Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers	Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments.
51-6061	Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers.
51-6062	Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles.
51-6063	Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes “Sewing Machine Operators" (51-6031).
51-6064	Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles; or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators.
51-6091	Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers	Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass.
51-6092	Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers	Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel.
51-6093	Upholsterers	Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles.
51-6099	Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other	All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately.
51-7011	Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters	Cut, shape, and assemble wooden articles or set up and operate a variety of woodworking machines, such as power saws, jointers, and mortisers to surface, cut, or shape lumber or to fabricate parts for wood products. Excludes “Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders" (51-7040).
51-7021	Furniture Finishers	Shape, finish, and refinish damaged, worn, or used furniture or new high-grade furniture to specified color or finish.
51-7031	Model Makers, Wood	Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers.
51-7032	Patternmakers, Wood	Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings.
51-7041	Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood	Set up, operate, or tend wood sawing machines. May operate CNC equipment. Includes lead sawyers.
51-7042	Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing	Set up, operate, or tend woodworking machines, such as drill presses, lathes, shapers, routers, sanders, planers, and wood nailing machines. May operate CNC equipment.
51-7099	Woodworkers, All Other	All woodworkers not listed separately.
51-8011	Nuclear Power Reactor Operators	Operate or control nuclear reactors. Move control rods, start and stop equipment, monitor and adjust controls, and record data in logs. Implement emergency procedures when needed. May respond to abnormalities, determine cause, and recommend corrective action.
51-8012	Power Distributors and Dispatchers	Coordinate, regulate, or distribute electricity or steam.
51-8013	Power Plant Operators	Control, operate, or maintain machinery to generate electric power. Includes auxiliary equipment operators. Excludes “Nuclear Power Reactor Operators" (51-8011).
51-8021	Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	Operate or maintain stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment to provide utilities for buildings or industrial processes. Operate equipment, such as steam engines, generators, motors, turbines, and steam boilers.
51-8031	Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators	Operate or control an entire process or system of machines, often through the use of control boards, to transfer or treat water or wastewater.
51-8091	Chemical Plant and System Operators	Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines.
51-8092	Gas Plant Operators	Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines.
51-8093	Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers	Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines.
51-8099	Plant and System Operators, All Other	All plant and system operators not listed separately.
51-9011	Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes “Chemical Plant and System Operators" (51-8091).
51-9012	Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment; filter presses; shaker screens; centrifuges; condenser tubes; precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks; scrubbing towers; or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes “Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders" (51-9011).
51-9021	Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber.
51-9022	Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand	Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers.
51-9023	Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes “Food Batchmakers" (51-3092).
51-9031	Cutters and Trimmers, Hand	Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber.
51-9032	Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes “Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders" (51-7040), "Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic" (51-4031), and "Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders" (51-6062).
51-9041	Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products, such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes “Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders" (51-9196) and "Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders" (51-6042).
51-9051	Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities, such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap.
51-9061	Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	Inspect, test, sort, sample, or weigh nonagricultural raw materials or processed, machined, fabricated, or assembled parts or products for defects, wear, and deviations from specifications. May use precision measuring instruments and complex test equipment.
51-9071	Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	Design, fabricate, adjust, repair, or appraise jewelry, gold, silver, other precious metals, or gems. Includes diamond polishers and gem cutters, and persons who perform precision casting and modeling of molds, casting metal in molds, or setting precious and semi-precious stones for jewelry and related products.
51-9081	Dental Laboratory Technicians	Construct and repair full or partial dentures or dental appliances. Excludes “Dental Assistants" (31-9091).
51-9082	Medical Appliance Technicians	Construct, fit, maintain, or repair medical supportive devices, such as braces, orthotics and prosthetic devices, joints, arch supports, and other surgical and medical appliances.
51-9083	Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	Cut, grind, and polish eyeglasses, contact lenses, or other precision optical elements. Assemble and mount lenses into frames or process other optical elements. Includes precision lens polishers or grinders, centerer-edgers, and lens mounters. Excludes “Opticians, Dispensing" (29-2081).
51-9111	Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products.
51-9121	Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines to coat or paint any of a wide variety of products including, glassware, cloth, ceramics, metal, plastic, paper, or wood, with lacquer, silver, copper, rubber, varnish, glaze, enamel, oil, or rust-proofing materials. Excludes “Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic" (51-4193) and "Painters, Transportation Equipment" (51-9122).
51-9122	Painters, Transportation Equipment	Operate or tend painting machines to paint surfaces of transportation equipment, such as automobiles, buses, trucks, trains, boats, and airplanes. Includes painters in auto body repair facilities.
51-9123	Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers	Paint, coat, or decorate articles, such as furniture, glass, plateware, pottery, jewelry, toys, books, or leather. Excludes “Artists and Related Workers" (27-1010), "Designers" (27-1020), "Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators" (51-9151), and "Etchers and Engravers" (51-9194).
51-9141	Semiconductor Processors	Perform any or all of the following functions in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors: load semiconductor material into furnace; saw formed ingots into segments; load individual segment into crystal growing chamber and monitor controls; locate crystal axis in ingot using x-ray equipment and saw ingots into wafers; and clean, polish, and load wafers into series of special purpose furnaces, chemical baths, and equipment used to form circuitry and change conductive properties.
51-9151	Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints.
51-9191	Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood; gluing paper; or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes “Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders" (51-6042).
51-9192	Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities.
51-9193	Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend equipment, such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals.
51-9194	Etchers and Engravers	Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in "Prepress Technicians and Workers" (51-5111).
51-9195	Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic	Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials.
51-9196	Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products.
51-9197	Tire Builders	Operate machines to build tires.
51-9198	Helpers--Production Workers	Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000).
51-9199	Production Workers, All Other	All production workers not listed separately.
53-1011	Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors	Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters.
53-1021	First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers.
53-1031	First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers.
53-2011	Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers	Pilot and navigate the flight of fixed-wing, multi-engine aircraft, usually on scheduled air carrier routes, for the transport of passengers and cargo. Requires Federal Air Transport certificate and rating for specific aircraft type used. Includes regional, National, and international airline pilots and flight instructors of airline pilots.
53-2012	Commercial Pilots	Pilot and navigate the flight of fixed-wing aircraft on nonscheduled air carrier routes, or helicopters. Requires Commercial Pilot certificate. Includes charter pilots with similar certification, and air ambulance and air tour pilots. Excludes regional, National, and international airline pilots.
53-2021	Air Traffic Controllers	Control air traffic on and within vicinity of airport and movement of air traffic between altitude sectors and control centers according to established procedures and policies. Authorize, regulate, and control commercial airline flights according to government or company regulations to expedite and ensure flight safety.
53-2022	Airfield Operations Specialists	Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air-traffic control and maintenance personnel; dispatching; using airfield landing and navigational aids; implementing airfield safety procedures; monitoring and maintaining flight records; and applying knowledge of weather information.
53-2031	Flight Attendants	Provide personal services to ensure the safety, security, and comfort of airline passengers during flight. Greet passengers, verify tickets, explain use of safety equipment, and serve food or beverages.
53-3011	Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians	Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients.
53-3021	Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	Drive bus or motor coach, including regular route operations, charters, and private carriage. May assist passengers with baggage. May collect fares or tickets.
53-3022	Bus Drivers, School or Special Client	Transport students or special clients, such as the elderly or persons with disabilities. Ensure adherence to safety rules. May assist passengers in boarding or exiting.
53-3031	Driver/Sales Workers	Drive truck or other vehicle over established routes or within an established territory and sell or deliver goods, such as food products, including restaurant take-out items, or pick up or deliver items such as commercial laundry. May also take orders, collect payment, or stock merchandise at point of delivery. Includes newspaper delivery drivers. Excludes "Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers" (49-9091) and "Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers" (53-3033).
53-3032	Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	Drive a tractor-trailer combination or a truck with a capacity of at least 26,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW). May be required to unload truck. Requires commercial drivers' license.
53-3033	Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers	Drive a light vehicle, such as a truck or van, with a capacity of less than 26,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), primarily to deliver or pick up merchandise or to deliver packages. May load and unload vehicle. Excludes “Couriers and Messengers" (43-5021) and “Driver/Sales Workers” (53-3031).
53-3041	Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Drive automobiles, vans, or limousines to transport passengers. May occasionally carry cargo. Includes hearse drivers. Excludes “Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians" (53-3011) and "Bus Drivers" (53-3020).
53-3099	Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other	All motor vehicle operators not listed separately.
53-4011	Locomotive Engineers	Drive electric, diesel-electric, steam, or gas-turbine-electric locomotives to transport passengers or freight. Interpret train orders, electronic or manual signals, and railroad rules and regulations.
53-4012	Locomotive Firers	Monitor locomotive instruments and watch for dragging equipment, obstacles on rights-of-way, and train signals during run. Watch for and relay traffic signals from yard workers to yard engineer in railroad yard.
53-4013	Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers	Drive switching or other locomotive or dinkey engines within railroad yard, industrial plant, quarry, construction project, or similar location.
53-4021	Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators	Operate railroad track switches. Couple or uncouple rolling stock to make up or break up trains. Signal engineers by hand or flagging. May inspect couplings, air hoses, journal boxes, and hand brakes.
53-4031	Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	Coordinate activities of switch-engine crew within railroad yard, industrial plant, or similar location. Conductors coordinate activities of train crew on passenger or freight trains. Yardmasters review train schedules and switching orders and coordinate activities of workers engaged in railroad traffic operations, such as the makeup or breakup of trains and yard switching.
53-4041	Subway and Streetcar Operators	Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares.
53-4099	Rail Transportation Workers, All Other	All rail transportation workers not listed separately.
53-5011	Sailors and Marine Oilers	Stand watch to look for obstructions in path of vessel, measure water depth, turn wheel on bridge, or use emergency equipment as directed by captain, mate, or pilot. Break out, rig, overhaul, and store cargo-handling gear, stationary rigging, and running gear. Perform a variety of maintenance tasks to preserve the painted surface of the ship and to maintain line and ship equipment. Must hold government-issued certification and tankerman certification when working aboard liquid-carrying vessels. Includes able seamen and ordinary seamen.
53-5021	Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels	Command or supervise operations of ships and water vessels, such as tugboats and ferryboats. Required to hold license issued by U.S. Coast Guard. Excludes “Motorboat Operators" (53-5022).
53-5022	Motorboat Operators	Operate small motor-driven boats. May assist in navigational activities.
53-5031	Ship Engineers	Supervise and coordinate activities of crew engaged in operating and maintaining engines, boilers, deck machinery, and electrical, sanitary, and refrigeration equipment aboard ship.
53-6011	Bridge and Lock Tenders	Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators.
53-6021	Parking Lot Attendants	Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May collect fee.
53-6031	Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, install antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires.
53-6041	Traffic Technicians	Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer.
53-6051	Transportation Inspectors	Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors; rail inspectors; and other inspectors of transportation vehicles, not elsewhere classified. Excludes “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093).
53-6061	Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants	Provide services to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as greeting passengers, explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes “Baggage Porters and Bellhops” (39-6011).
53-6099	Transportation Workers, All Other	All transportation workers not listed separately.
53-7011	Conveyor Operators and Tenders	Control or tend conveyors or conveyor systems that move materials or products to and from stockpiles, processing stations, departments, or vehicles. May control speed and routing of materials or products.
53-7021	Crane and Tower Operators	Operate mechanical boom and cable or tower and cable equipment to lift and move materials, machines, or products in many directions. Excludes “Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators" (53-7032).
53-7031	Dredge Operators	Operate dredge to remove sand, gravel, or other materials in order to excavate and maintain navigable channels in waterways.
53-7032	Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators	Operate or tend machinery equipped with scoops, shovels, or buckets, to excavate and load loose materials. Excludes “Dredge Operators" (53-7031).
53-7033	Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining	Operate underground loading machine to load coal, ore, or rock into shuttle or mine car or onto conveyors. Loading equipment may include power shovels, hoisting engines equipped with cable-drawn scraper or scoop, or machines equipped with gathering arms and conveyor.
53-7041	Hoist and Winch Operators	Operate or tend hoists or winches to lift and pull loads using power-operated cable equipment. Excludes “Crane and Tower Operators" (53-7021).
53-7051	Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	Operate industrial trucks or tractors equipped to move materials around a warehouse, storage yard, factory, construction site, or similar location. Excludes “Logging Equipment Operators" (45-4022).
53-7061	Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	Wash or otherwise clean vehicles, machinery, and other equipment. Use such materials as water, cleaning agents, brushes, cloths, and hoses. Excludes “Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners" (37-2011).
53-7062	Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	Manually move freight, stock, or other materials or perform other general labor. Includes all manual laborers not elsewhere classified. Excludes “Material Moving Workers" (53-7011 through 53-7199) who use power equipment. Excludes “Construction Laborers" (47-2061) and "Helpers, Construction Trades (47-3011 through 47-3019).
53-7063	Machine Feeders and Offbearers	Feed materials into or remove materials from machines or equipment that is automatic or tended by other workers.
53-7064	Packers and Packagers, Hand	Pack or package by hand a wide variety of products and materials.
53-7071	Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators	Operate steam, gas, electric motor, or internal combustion engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas.
53-7072	Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers	Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes.
53-7073	Wellhead Pumpers	Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field.
53-7081	Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	Collect and dump refuse or recyclable materials from containers into truck. May drive truck.
53-7111	Mine Shuttle Car Operators	Operate diesel or electric-powered shuttle car in underground mine to transport materials from working face to mine cars or conveyor.
53-7121	Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks.
53-7199	Material Moving Workers, All Other	All material moving workers not listed separately.