When creating or updating websites and applications, developers can take several actions to ensure accessibility and avoid issues for users with disabilities: 

• Follow Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): Adhere to WCAG standards, such as WCAG 2.1, which provide comprehensive guidelines for making web content accessible to people with disabilities. 
• Use Semantic HTML: Employ semantic HTML elements to ensure that web content is properly structured, making it easier for screen readers to interpret. 
• Implement ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications): Use ARIA attributes to enhance the accessibility of dynamic content and web applications, ensuring they are navigable and understandable by assistive technologies. 
• Ensure Keyboard Accessibility: Design web interfaces that can be fully navigated using a keyboard, catering to users who cannot use a mouse. 
• Provide Text Alternatives for Non-Text Content: Include descriptive alt text for images, transcripts for audio content, and captions for videos. 
• Design Responsive Layouts: Ensure that layouts are responsive and adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions, accommodating users with visual impairments. 
• Ensure Color Contrast: Use sufficient color contrast between text and background to ensure readability for users with visual impairments. 
• Test with Assistive Technologies: Conduct testing with screen readers, magnifiers, voice recognition software, and other assistive technologies to identify and resolve accessibility issues. 
• Create Accessible Forms: Design forms with clear labels, instructions, and error messages, ensuring they are easily navigable and understandable. 
• Use Clear and Simple Language: Write content using clear and straightforward language, making it accessible to users with cognitive disabilities. 
• Implement Skip Navigation Links: Provide skip navigation links to allow users to bypass repetitive content and quickly access the main content. 
• Ensure Timed Content is Accessible: Provide mechanisms to pause, stop, or extend timed content, accommodating users who need more time to interact. 
• Offer Multiple Ways to Access Content: Provide alternative ways to access content, such as text versions of complex graphics or diagrams. 
• Conduct Regular Accessibility Audits: Perform regular audits and usability testing to identify and address accessibility barriers. 

By incorporating these practices, developers can create websites and applications that are more accessible to all users, including those with disabilities, thereby complying with accessibility standards and enhancing the user experience.